Bio Exam 1 Review

Front 1

Scope of Biology

Back 1

Study of Life

Front 2

Species

Back 2

A group of similar individuals who tend to mate together and are capable of producing viable offspring

Front 3

Common Characteristics of Life

Back 3

1. Organized
2. Homeostasis
3. Adaptation
4. Reproduction & Heredity
5. Growth and Development
6. Acquire and Release energy
7. Detect and Respond to stimuli

Front 4

Element

Back 4

Something that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical means.

Front 5

Compound

Back 5

Substances containing two or more elements in a fixed ratio.

Front 6

Covalent Bond

Back 6

two elements come together and share electrons

Front 7

Ionic Bond

Back 7

two elements come together and one steals electrons from other.

Front 8

Hydrogen bonding

Back 8

attraction of elements

Front 9

Properties of Water

Back 9

1. Cohesion
2. moderate temperatures
3. solid less dense than liquid
4. universal solvent

Front 10

Monomer vs. Polymer

Back 10

Monomers are created by dehydration synthesis while polymers are broken down by hydrolosis.

Front 11

Hydrophillic vs. Hydrophobic

Back 11

phillic is "water loving" and phobic is "water fearing." Lipids are hydrophobic

Front 12

Protein Structure

Back 12

1. sequence of amino acids
2. alpha helices or beta pleated sheets
3. 3D protein structure
4. specific protein structure

Front 13

Cell Theory

Back 13

unit of structure and function of all living things

Front 14

Origins of Life Hypothesis

Back 14

Idea of where first living things came from:
Spontaneous Origin-life arose from the non-living (bubble hypothesis)

Front 15

Protobiant

Back 15

agrigant of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane like structure.

Front 16

Cell Origin Hypothesis

Back 16

Infolding/ Engulfing

Front 17

Micelle

Back 17

Agrigant of Organic Molecules

Front 18

Prokaryotes

Back 18

a type of cell lacking a membrane enclosed nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles.

Front 19

Archaebacteria vs. bacteria

Back 19

arch. in extreme conditions w/ weaker cell walls. bacteria has stronger cell walls.

Front 20

Prokaryotic Cell Components

Back 20

Periplasmic, plasmids, nucleoid region.

Front 21

Chromatin

Back 21

long fibers of DNA w/ associated proteins.

Front 22

Cytoskeleton Components

Back 22

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Front 23

Types of Vesicles

Back 23

Exocytotic, Secretory, lysosomal

Front 24

Energy Processing Organelles

Back 24

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts

Front 25

Steps of Cell-Cell Communication

Back 25

1. synthesis of signal
2. release of signal
3. transport of signal
4.detection of signal
5. change of signal
6. removal of signal

Front 26

Modes of Cell signalling

Back 26

Diffusion, Active Transport

Front 27

Energy

Back 27

the capacity to do work

Front 28

Kinetic vs. Potential

Back 28

the energy of motion/ stored energy

Front 29

Laws of Thermodynamics

Back 29

1. total amount of energy in the universe is constant
2.energy conversions reduce the order of the universe and increase its entropy.

Front 30

Endergonic

Back 30

i.e. photosynthesis
-energy of products greater than energy of reactants.

Front 31

Exergonic

Back 31

i.e. burning wood
-energy of products less than energy of reactants

Front 32

Anabolic Reactions

Back 32

Consume energy while synthesizing compounds

Front 33

Catabolic Reactions

Back 33

Release energy as chemical bonds are broken.

Front 34

Metabolism

Back 34

Endergonic + exergonic reaction

Front 35

Enzymes

Back 35

Proteins, speeds up reactions, AKA Biological catalysts

Front 36

Reasons Cells need energy

Back 36

1. chemical work
2. mechanical work
3. transport work
molecules

Front 37

Stages of Interphase

Back 37

Cell parts are made, chromosomes duplicate, cell grows

Front 38

dehydration reaction

Back 38

Reaction that removes a molecule of water

Front 39

Hydrolysis

Back 39

cells break bonds between monomers by adding water to them

Front 40

Monosaccharide

Back 40

Carbohydrate monomers

Front 41

Polysaccharide

Back 41

Polymers of mono. linked together by dehydration reactions.

Front 42

Lipids

Back 42

fats, oils, waxes. cell membranes are made up of lipids.

Front 43

Saturated vs. unsaturated

Back 43

max hydrogens/ less than max

Front 44

Fatty Acid

Back 44

contains fifteen carbon atoms/ stores energy

Front 45

Phospholipid

Back 45

major component of cell membrane

Front 46

Denaturization

Back 46

things like heat break proteins down and lose their shape and therefore function

Front 47

Nucleic Acid

Back 47

polymers that serves as the blueprints for proteins. Make up DNA and RNA

Front 48

Peptidoglycan

Back 48

Unique material that makes up bacteria cell walls

Front 49

Eukaryotic Cell Components

Back 49

Cytoskeleton, chromatin, nucleolus, Rough ER, smooth ER, golgi apparatus, vesicles

Front 50

Fluid Mosaic Model

Back 50

Describes the plasma membrane

Front 51

Importance of Membrane Bound Proteins

Back 51

Attaches membrane to cytoskeleton, junctions to other cells

Front 52

Organelles of Endomembrane System

Back 52

Nucleus, Chromatin, Chromosome, Nuclear Envelope, Nucleolus

Front 53

Organelle Function

Back 53

Manufacturing, Breakdown, Energy Processing, Support and Movement

Front 54

Modes of Intercellular Transport

Back 54

Diffusion, Active Transport

Front 55

Enzyme Activity

Back 55

Function depends on shape and shape depends on temperature.

Front 56

Induced Fit/Active Site

Back 56

where the substrate fits into the enzyme

Front 57

Substrate

Back 57

Reactant that an enzyme acts on

Front 58

Cellular Respiration

Back 58

Harvesting of energy from food molecules

Front 59

ATP

Back 59

main energy source for cell

Front 60

Substrate Level

Back 60

Transfering of enzymes to produce small amount of ATP

Front 61

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 61

3rd stage of cellular respiration

Front 62

NADH

Back 62

Delivers electrons to electron tansport chain

Front 63

Fermentation

Back 63

anaerobic alternative to cellular respiration

Front 64

asexual reproduction

Back 64

offspring created by a single parent

Front 65

Somatic Cell

Back 65

any cell except for sperm or egg cell