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72 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
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What is matter?

Any material that takes up space

What is the smallest matter?

Atoms

What are atoms combined?

Elements

What are three types of atoms?

Protons


Electrons


Neutrons

Protons

Positive charge

Neutrons

Neutral charge

Electrons

Negative charge

Define atomic number

The number of protons found in the nucleus

What makes elements on the periodic table neutral?

The elements are neutral bc they have an equal number of protons and electrons

Define ion

An element that has lost or gained electrons

Define mass number

The total number of protons and neutrons in an element's nucleus

3protons and 3 neutrons =6


The element's mass number is 6

Isotope

An atom that has lost or gained a neutron

Atomic weight

The average mass of all the isotopes

Molecule

Multiple atoms chemically joined together

Compound

A molecule made of more than one element

Orbital are

The most likely location of an electron. Can hold 2 electrons

Energy shell

Group of orbitals that share the same level

Valence shell

The outermost electron shell


Atom is most stable when it is full

Chemical bond

The transfer of electrons from one atom to another

What are the 3 types of chemical bonds?

1. Ionic bond


2. Covalent bond


3. Hydrogen bond

Define ionic bond

The type of bond formed when two ions/atoms with opposite charge transfer electrons

Define Covalent bond

The type of bond formed when two or more atoms share electrons

What are the 2 types of covalent bonds?

1. Polar covalent


2. Nonpolar covalent

Describe nonpolar covalent bonds

Atoms share the electrons equally


Atoms are the same or similar electronegativity

Describe a Polar covalent bond

-One nucleus pulls the electrons closer/harder


-Occurs between highly electronegative atoms and less electronegative atoms.


- causes a positive and negative end.


-shares unevenly


Define hydrogen bond

A type of bond between two polar covalently bonded compounds.


- requires hydrogen and a strong electronegative atom

Hydrogen bonds are..

-The weakest of the bonds


- stabilize molecules

What are the six properties of water

Cohesion


Adhesion


Dissolves many substances


Resist temperature change


Water expands


Participates in many reactions

Define cohesion

The tendency of water molecules to stick to each other

Describe cohesion

Mechanism- hydrogen bonds


- surface tension

Define/describe adhesion

The tendency to form hydrogen bonds with other substances

Dissolves many substances

Solvent, solute, solution.


Water is the solvent

Water resists temperature change

High specific beat

Water expands as it freezes

Ice floats

Chemical reaction

Occurs when 2 or more molecules trade their atoms to form different molecules


-reactant


-products

Define Neutral solution

A solution in which the # of H+ and OH- are equal

Define acid

A solution in which there are more H+ ions than OH-

Define base

A solution in which there are more OH- ions than H+ ions

Define/describe organic molecules

Compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen


-produced by autographs (plants)


- consumed by heterotrophs

Define polymer

Chains of small subunits called monomers


Think of like a train

Monomers

Subunits


Train car

Define dehydration synthesis

Joins monomers into polymers

Condensation

Water is produced. The monomers(train cars) add to create the polymer(train)

Monomer synthesis is a

Hydrolysis reaction. Water is used

Hydrolysis reactions do what?

Hydrolysis breaks polymers into mononers

What are the 4 types of organic molecules?

1. Carbohydrates


2. Nucleic acids


3. Proteins


4. Lipids

Describe carbs

-simplest organic molecules


-contains C,H, & O.


Always in a 1:2:1 ration


- made of simple sugars and complex carbs

What are 2 simple sugars?

-monosaccharides


- disaccharides


What is a monosaccharide?

They have one sugar molecule 5 or 6 carbons Differing structure

What is a disaccharide?

-2 monosaccharides


-Goes through dehydration synthesis

Complex carbs

Chains of monosaccharides


-oligosaccharides


-polysaccharides

Nucleic acid

- made of monomers called nucleotides


-five carbon sugar


-@ least one phosphate group


DNA & RNA are nucleic acids

DNA

Made of deoxyribose sugar


Nitrogenous bases are


Adenine


Cytosine


Guanine


Thymine


RNA

Made of sugar ribose


Nitrogen bases are


Adenine


Cytosine


Guanine


Uracil

Nucleic acids

J

How are monomers joined together?

Through dehydration synthesis(condensation)

Protiens

Made of amino acids

What are proteins' monomers called?

Amino acid

Proteins are also

Have a central carbon with 4 bonds.


H


Amino group


Carboxyl group


R group

What type of bonds are in protein?

Peptide bonds

Define peptide bonds

Binds amino acids


-dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

Protein folding

1. Primary structure


2. Secondary structure(hydrogen bonds)


3. Tertiary structure


4. Quaternary structure( interaction of 2 identical proteins)

Define prion

A misfolded protein


Mad cow disease

Describe lipids

Hydrophobic


Not polymers


Extremely diverse structures


Still use dehydration synthesis

What are the 4 types of lipids?

Triglycerides


Sterols


Waxes


Phospholipids

Triglyceride components are

3 long hydrocarbon chains(fatty acids)


Molecule formed from 3 carbons-(glycerol)

Define describe saturated fat

-Animal fat(bacon, butter)


-solid @ room temp.


- single bonds connect carbon


-straight molecule tails

Define describe unsaturated fat

Liquid at room temp


-double bonds connect carbon


-plant oils (olive, sunflower, coconut oil)

Trans fats

Partially hydrogenated


-makes plant oils solid at room temperature by ADDING HYDROGENS

Sterols

-4 interconnected carbon rings


They are vitamin D, cortisone, cholesterol

Waxes

Water repellant


-fatty acids combined with hydrocarbons or hydroxide

Phospholipids

Phosphate, glycerol and fatty acid tails.


-Hydrophobic and hydrophilic


-make up cell membranes