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23 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the appendicular skeleton? examples of bones of both the appendicular and non-appendicular (axial) skeleton? |
includes the pectoral girdle (shoulders), the pelvic girdle (pelvis) and the limbs (arms & legs) clavicle, scapula, hummerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges, cranial bones, facial bones, sternum, ribs |
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what are the functions of skeletal system/bone tissue? |
support body, protect soft parts, produce blood cells, storage, allow movement |
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what is hematopoiesis and where does it occur? |
the process of production, multiplication and specialization of blood cells in bone marrow |
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can you name all of the long bone parts and functions of those parts? can you identify them or draw them? |
proximal epiphysis: serves in bone growth early in life diaphysis: shaft of the bone, contains cone marrow articular cartilage: lines the bone epiphyseal line: between the epiphysis and diaphysis the part of the bone that replaces the epiphyseal growth plate medulary cavity: stores bone marrow periostium: covers all bones |
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what is red marrow and where is it found? what is the difference in marrow in bones between children and adults? why do you donate marrow from the coaxal bones? |
where blood cells form. some of the spongy bone is filled with red marrow in adults, red marrow is in the flat bons. in children, red marrow is in the long bones. because it produces most of the white blood cells |
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what is ossification and what are the 2 ypes? |
the development of new bone. the process of laying down new bone material by cells called osteoblasts. intramembraneous ossification: bone forms within connective tissue endochondral ossification: bone replaces a cartilage model |
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what happens during intramembraneous ossification? what are the 4 main steps? where and when do they occur? can you name the specific bones? |
1. mesenchyme connective tissue, CT cells become osteoblasts; forms ossification center 2. osteoblasts secrete matrix; become mineralized (calcium) trapped cells become osteocytes 3. trabeculae form spongy bone; blood vessels grow/red marrow forms; periosteum forms on outside 4. trabeculae thicken/fuse; outer bone collar of compact bone. during fetal development. bones of the head. flat bones |
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what is the process for endochondral ossification? where does this occur? |
1.osteoblasts from periosteum secrete bony matrix; matrix calcifies; bone collar results in diaphysis collar thickens 2. hyaline cartilage ischemic; deteriorates and cavitates. happens in stem cell 3. primary ossification center: bood vessel enters cavity osteoblasts to primary center. spongy bone replaces cartilage 4. bone remodels: osteoclasts absorb spongy bone medullary cavity formed. shortly after birth, secondary ossification centers in epiphysis. red marrow in spongy bone |
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what is the function of chondrocytes? osteoblasts? osteoclasts? |
an important part of the cartilage matrix found in cartilage connective tissue osteoblasts: a bone forming cell osteocytes: mature bone sells found in lacunae that are arranged in concentric rings around the central canal. cytoplasmic projections from osteocytes extend tiny channels that connect with other osteocytes osteoclasts: a large cell responsible for the breakdown and absorption of bone |
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what is an epiphyseal plate? who would be likely to have one evident in an xray? what is the order of the zones in the epiphyseal plate and what is the primary function of each zone? |
a plate of cartilage that seperates the head of the bone from the shaft, permitting the bone to grow. in late adolescence, the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bown and growth stops. age 12-25 resting zone (hyaline cartilage,) growth zone (proliferation of new cartilage), degenerating zone (cartilage dying), ossification zone (bone matrix replaces cartilage; bone length grows) |
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what is a complete fracture? comminuted? compund? what are the types of fractures? |
complete: completely broken/snapped comminuted: broken in pieces compund: bone protrudes thru skin complete, comminuted, compound, spiral, incomplete (greenstick) contained: stays in skin compound: comes out of skin |
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what is torn when a bone is broken? |
blood vessels |
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can you name the 4 steps in fracture repair? what is happening in each step? |
1. formation of blood clot: within hours after the fracture, a blood clot forms. 2. formation of cartilaginous callus: a cartilaginous callus is formed by invading fibroblasts 3. formation of bony callus: osteoblasts form new bone, converting the cartilaginous callus to a bony callus 4. bone remodeling: the fracture is healed and bone is remodeled, restoring bone to originate shape |
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what and where are the various cell types in bone tissue? |
osteoblasts: in collar. a bone forming cell osteoclasts: a large cell responsible for the breakdown and absorption of bone osteocytes: calcified matrix. mature bone cells found in lacunae that are arranged in concentric rings around the central canal. cytoplasmic projections from osteocytes extend tiny channels that connect with other osteocytes |
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where in the bone is spongy bone versus compact bone located? where in the body are each type located? does this change as you age? why? |
spongy bone is largely found in small flat bones such as most of the bones of the skull. compact bone forms most of the shaft of long bones. such as arms and legs. |
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how does the organization of spongy bone differ from compact bone? can you label a diagram? |
compact bone: very dense, with few internal spaces spongy bone: is a latticework of tiny beams and thin plates of bone with open areas between |
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what is the function of vitamin D in bone formation? estrogen? |
allows body/bones to take in calcium. estrogen induces apoptosis of osteoclasts |
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what are the parts of an osteon? can you draw those parts? where is an osteon found? |
lacuna, bony matrix, osteocyte, canaliculus osteon found in compact bone |
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what is a perforating canal? its function and the function of the central canal? |
Connect the blood and nerve supply horizontally of the periosteum to those in the central canals and the medullary cavity. Central canals provide tunnel for arteries, venis and nerve tissue to supply bone cells. |
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when does bone remodeling occur? what can make bone strength decrease or increase? |
bone remodeling is a lifelong process. weight bearing exercise thicken bone. without mechanical stress, bone demineralizes. bone mass can increase at any age! |
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what hormones from which glands are responsible for maintaining normal blood calcium levels? how do those hormones affect bony tissue? |
calcitonin thyroid gland and parathyroid from parathyroid gland from hormone play an important part in regulating blood levels of calcium. bone remodeling |
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how do the limbs attach to the axial skeleton? what bones are specifically involved? |
the limbs attach to the axial skeleton by the pectoral girdle. clavicle, scapula, |
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where are stem cells located for cartilage? for bone? |
bone:marrow or fat |
