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1454 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biology
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The study of life
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Scientific Method
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1. Observation
2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Prediction 5. Experiment 6. Conclusion |
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Treatment
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Part of experiment that changes
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Control
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Part of experiment that does not change
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Replication
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The more samples, the more accurate. If only 1 or 2 subjects, more inaccurate because they could be outliers.
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Rules for Hypotheses
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1. Testable
2. Falsifiable |
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Characteristics of Life
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1. Composed of Cells
2. Different Levels of Organization 3. Use Energy 4. Respond to Environment 5. Grow 6. Reproduce 7. Adapt to Environment |
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Characteristics of Life
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1. Composed of Cells
2. Different Levels of Organization 3. Use Energy 4. Respond to Environment 5. Grow 6. Reproduce 7. Adapt to Environment |
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Levels of Organization
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1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Individual Organisms 6. Tissues 7. Cells 8. Molecules |
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Characteristics of Life
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1. Composed of Cells
2. Different Levels of Organization 3. Use Energy 4. Respond to Environment 5. Grow 6. Reproduce 7. Adapt to Environment |
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Levels of Organization
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1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Individual Organisms 6. Tissues 7. Cells 8. Molecules |
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Cells
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Basic Unit
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Characteristics of Life
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1. Composed of Cells
2. Different Levels of Organization 3. Use Energy 4. Respond to Environment 5. Grow 6. Reproduce 7. Adapt to Environment |
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Levels of Organization
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1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Individual Organisms 6. Tissues 7. Cells 8. Molecules |
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Cells
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Basic Unit
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Matter
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Anything that takes up space and has mass.
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Characteristics of Life
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1. Composed of Cells
2. Different Levels of Organization 3. Use Energy 4. Respond to Environment 5. Grow 6. Reproduce 7. Adapt to Environment |
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Levels of Organization
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1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Individual Organisms 6. Tissues 7. Cells 8. Molecules |
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Cells
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Basic Unit
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Matter
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Anything that takes up space and has mass.
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Element
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Substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.
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Characteristics of Life
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1. Composed of Cells
2. Different Levels of Organization 3. Use Energy 4. Respond to Environment 5. Grow 6. Reproduce 7. Adapt to Environment |
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Levels of Organization
|
1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Individual Organisms 6. Tissues 7. Cells 8. Molecules |
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Cells
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Basic Unit
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Matter
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Anything that takes up space and has mass.
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Element
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Substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.
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Compound
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2 or more different elements
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Characteristics of Life
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1. Composed of Cells
2. Different Levels of Organization 3. Use Energy 4. Respond to Environment 5. Grow 6. Reproduce 7. Adapt to Environment |
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Levels of Organization
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1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Individual Organisms 6. Tissues 7. Cells 8. Molecules |
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Cells
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Basic Unit
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Matter
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Anything that takes up space and has mass.
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Element
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Substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.
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Compound
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2 or more different elements
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Atom
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Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.
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Characteristics of Life
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1. Composed of Cells
2. Different Levels of Organization 3. Use Energy 4. Respond to Environment 5. Grow 6. Reproduce 7. Adapt to Environment |
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Levels of Organization
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1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Individual Organisms 6. Tissues 7. Cells 8. Molecules |
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Cells
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Basic Unit
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Matter
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Anything that takes up space and has mass.
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Element
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Substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.
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Compound
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2 or more different elements
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Atom
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Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.
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Proton
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Positive charge, has mass
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Characteristics of Life
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1. Composed of Cells
2. Different Levels of Organization 3. Use Energy 4. Respond to Environment 5. Grow 6. Reproduce 7. Adapt to Environment |
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Levels of Organization
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1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Individual Organisms 6. Tissues 7. Cells 8. Molecules |
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Cells
|
Basic Unit
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Matter
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Anything that takes up space and has mass.
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Element
|
Substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.
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Compound
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2 or more different elements
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Atom
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Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.
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Proton
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Positive charge, has mass
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Neutrons
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No charge, has mass
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Characteristics of Life
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1. Composed of Cells
2. Different Levels of Organization 3. Use Energy 4. Respond to Environment 5. Grow 6. Reproduce 7. Adapt to Environment |
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Levels of Organization
|
1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystem 3. Communities 4. Populations 5. Individual Organisms 6. Tissues 7. Cells 8. Molecules |
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Cells
|
Basic Unit
|
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Matter
|
Anything that takes up space and has mass.
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Element
|
Substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.
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Compound
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2 or more different elements
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Atom
|
Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.
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Proton
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Positive charge, has mass
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Neutrons
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No charge, has mass
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Electron
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Negative charge, has no mass
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Atomic Number
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Number of protons in nucleus
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Atomic Number
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Number of protons in nucleus
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Mass number
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Sum of protons and neutrons
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Atomic Number
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Number of protons in nucleus
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Mass number
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Sum of protons and neutrons
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Isotopes
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Different forms of atoms of a particular element that differ in number of neutrons
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Atomic Number
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Number of protons in nucleus
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Mass number
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Sum of protons and neutrons
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Isotopes
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Different forms of atoms of a particular element that differ in number of neutrons
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Molecule
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Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond
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Atomic Number
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Number of protons in nucleus
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Mass number
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Sum of protons and neutrons
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Isotopes
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Different forms of atoms of a particular element that differ in number of neutrons
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Molecule
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Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond
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Periodic Table
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Chemical elements arranged in order of atomic numbers, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure appear in vertical columns.
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Atomic Number
|
Number of protons in nucleus
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Mass number
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Sum of protons and neutrons
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Isotopes
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Different forms of atoms of a particular element that differ in number of neutrons
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Molecule
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Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond
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Periodic Table
|
Chemical elements arranged in order of atomic numbers, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure appear in vertical columns.
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Essential Elements
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Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorous
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Atomic Number
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Number of protons in nucleus
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Mass number
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Sum of protons and neutrons
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Isotopes
|
Different forms of atoms of a particular element that differ in number of neutrons
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Molecule
|
Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond
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Periodic Table
|
Chemical elements arranged in order of atomic numbers, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure appear in vertical columns.
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Essential Elements
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Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorous
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Trace Elements
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Small amounts, extremely important
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Atomic Number
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Number of protons in nucleus
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Mass number
|
Sum of protons and neutrons
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Isotopes
|
Different forms of atoms of a particular element that differ in number of neutrons
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Molecule
|
Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond
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Periodic Table
|
Chemical elements arranged in order of atomic numbers, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure appear in vertical columns.
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Essential Elements
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Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorous
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Trace Elements
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Small amounts, extremely important
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Electron shell/valence shell
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Outer shell if an element
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Atomic Number
|
Number of protons in nucleus
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Mass number
|
Sum of protons and neutrons
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Isotopes
|
Different forms of atoms of a particular element that differ in number of neutrons
|
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Molecule
|
Two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond
|
|
|
Periodic Table
|
Chemical elements arranged in order of atomic numbers, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure appear in vertical columns.
|
|
|
Essential Elements
|
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, phosphorous
|
|
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Trace Elements
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Small amounts, extremely important
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Electron shell/valence shell
|
Outer shell if an element
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Chemical Reactivity/Electron Configuration
|
Arises from presence of unpaired electrons in outer shell. Interact in a way to complete outer she'll
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Covalent Bond
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Shared Electrons
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Covalent Bond
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Shared Electrons
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Ionic Bonds
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Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
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Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
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Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
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Hydrogen bond
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Weak bond, no sharing
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Covalent Bond
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Shared Electrons
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Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
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Hydrogen bond
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Weak bond, no sharing
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Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
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Covalent Bond
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Shared Electrons
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Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
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Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
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Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
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Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
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Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
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Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
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Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
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|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
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|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
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Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
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Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
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|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
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Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
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Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
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Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
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Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
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Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
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Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
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Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
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Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
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Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
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Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
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Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
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Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
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|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
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|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
C-OH
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
C-OH
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
C=O
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
C-OH
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
C=O
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
C-OH
\ O |
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
|
|
Amino
|
Base
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
|
|
Amino
|
Base
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Sulfhydryl
|
Added to odorless gases
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
|
|
Amino
|
Base
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Sulfhydryl
|
Added to odorless gases
|
|
|
Phosphate
|
Energy
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
|
|
Amino
|
Base
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Sulfhydryl
|
Added to odorless gases
|
|
|
Phosphate
|
Energy
|
|
|
Methyl
|
Affects expression of genes
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
|
|
Amino
|
Base
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Sulfhydryl
|
Added to odorless gases
|
|
|
Phosphate
|
Energy
|
|
|
Methyl
|
Affects expression of genes
|
|
|
Monomer
|
Building block
|
|
|
Polymer
|
Long, chain-like molecule made of monomers
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
|
|
Amino
|
Base
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Sulfhydryl
|
Added to odorless gases
|
|
|
Phosphate
|
Energy
|
|
|
Methyl
|
Affects expression of genes
|
|
|
Monomer
|
Building block
|
|
|
Polymer
|
Long, chain-like molecule made of monomers
|
|
|
Dehydration Reaction
|
Synthesizing a polymer. Loses water
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
|
|
Amino
|
Base
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Sulfhydryl
|
Added to odorless gases
|
|
|
Phosphate
|
Energy
|
|
|
Methyl
|
Affects expression of genes
|
|
|
Monomer
|
Building block
|
|
|
Polymer
|
Long, chain-like molecule made of monomers
|
|
|
Dehydration Reaction
|
Synthesizing a polymer. Loses water
|
|
|
Hydrolysis
|
Disassembling a polymer, gain water
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
|
|
Amino
|
Base
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Sulfhydryl
|
Added to odorless gases
|
|
|
Phosphate
|
Energy
|
|
|
Methyl
|
Affects expression of genes
|
|
|
Monomer
|
Building block
|
|
|
Polymer
|
Long, chain-like molecule made of monomers
|
|
|
Dehydration Reaction
|
Synthesizing a polymer. Loses water
|
|
|
Hydrolysis
|
Disassembling a polymer, gain water
|
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
C, H, O (carboxyl and hydroxyl groups)
Ex: grains, bread, pasta, fruits, vegetables |
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
|
|
Amino
|
Base
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Sulfhydryl
|
Added to odorless gases
|
|
|
Phosphate
|
Energy
|
|
|
Methyl
|
Affects expression of genes
|
|
|
Monomer
|
Building block
|
|
|
Polymer
|
Long, chain-like molecule made of monomers
|
|
|
Dehydration Reaction
|
Synthesizing a polymer. Loses water
|
|
|
Hydrolysis
|
Disassembling a polymer, gain water
|
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
C, H, O (carboxyl and hydroxyl groups)
Ex: grains, bread, pasta, fruits, vegetables |
|
|
Monosaccharides
|
Glucose, fructose. Fuel for cells.
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
|
|
Amino
|
Base
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Sulfhydryl
|
Added to odorless gases
|
|
|
Phosphate
|
Energy
|
|
|
Methyl
|
Affects expression of genes
|
|
|
Monomer
|
Building block
|
|
|
Polymer
|
Long, chain-like molecule made of monomers
|
|
|
Dehydration Reaction
|
Synthesizing a polymer. Loses water
|
|
|
Hydrolysis
|
Disassembling a polymer, gain water
|
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
C, H, O (carboxyl and hydroxyl groups)
Ex: grains, bread, pasta, fruits, vegetables |
|
|
Monosaccharides
|
Glucose, fructose. Fuel for cells.
|
|
|
Disaccharides
|
2 monosaccharides joined together by dehydration reactions. Glycosidic Linkage. Sucrose
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
|
|
Amino
|
Base
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Sulfhydryl
|
Added to odorless gases
|
|
|
Phosphate
|
Energy
|
|
|
Methyl
|
Affects expression of genes
|
|
|
Monomer
|
Building block
|
|
|
Polymer
|
Long, chain-like molecule made of monomers
|
|
|
Dehydration Reaction
|
Synthesizing a polymer. Loses water
|
|
|
Hydrolysis
|
Disassembling a polymer, gain water
|
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
C, H, O (carboxyl and hydroxyl groups)
Ex: grains, bread, pasta, fruits, vegetables |
|
|
Monosaccharides
|
Glucose, fructose. Fuel for cells.
|
|
|
Disaccharides
|
2 monosaccharides joined together by dehydration reactions. Glycosidic Linkage. Sucrose
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polysaccharides
|
Hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides. Energy source and storage.
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
|
|
Amino
|
Base
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Sulfhydryl
|
Added to odorless gases
|
|
|
Phosphate
|
Energy
|
|
|
Methyl
|
Affects expression of genes
|
|
|
Monomer
|
Building block
|
|
|
Polymer
|
Long, chain-like molecule made of monomers
|
|
|
Dehydration Reaction
|
Synthesizing a polymer. Loses water
|
|
|
Hydrolysis
|
Disassembling a polymer, gain water
|
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
C, H, O (carboxyl and hydroxyl groups)
Ex: grains, bread, pasta, fruits, vegetables |
|
|
Monosaccharides
|
Glucose, fructose. Fuel for cells.
|
|
|
Disaccharides
|
2 monosaccharides joined together by dehydration reactions. Glycosidic Linkage. Sucrose
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polysaccharides
|
Hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides. Energy source and storage.
|
|
|
Glycosidic Linkage
|
When two or more monosaccharides join to make a carbohydrate.
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
|
|
Amino
|
Base
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Sulfhydryl
|
Added to odorless gases
|
|
|
Phosphate
|
Energy
|
|
|
Methyl
|
Affects expression of genes
|
|
|
Monomer
|
Building block
|
|
|
Polymer
|
Long, chain-like molecule made of monomers
|
|
|
Dehydration Reaction
|
Synthesizing a polymer. Loses water
|
|
|
Hydrolysis
|
Disassembling a polymer, gain water
|
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
C, H, O (carboxyl and hydroxyl groups)
Ex: grains, bread, pasta, fruits, vegetables |
|
|
Monosaccharides
|
Glucose, fructose. Fuel for cells.
|
|
|
Disaccharides
|
2 monosaccharides joined together by dehydration reactions. Glycosidic Linkage. Sucrose
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polysaccharides
|
Hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides. Energy source and storage.
|
|
|
Glycosidic Linkage
|
When two or more monosaccharides join to make a carbohydrate.
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
|
|
Amino
|
Base
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Sulfhydryl
|
Added to odorless gases
|
|
|
Phosphate
|
Energy
|
|
|
Methyl
|
Affects expression of genes
|
|
|
Monomer
|
Building block
|
|
|
Polymer
|
Long, chain-like molecule made of monomers
|
|
|
Dehydration Reaction
|
Synthesizing a polymer. Loses water
|
|
|
Hydrolysis
|
Disassembling a polymer, gain water
|
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
C, H, O (carboxyl and hydroxyl groups)
Ex: grains, bread, pasta, fruits, vegetables |
|
|
Monosaccharides
|
Glucose, fructose. Fuel for cells.
|
|
|
Disaccharides
|
2 monosaccharides joined together by dehydration reactions. Glycosidic Linkage. Sucrose
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polysaccharides
|
Hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides. Energy source and storage.
|
|
|
Glycosidic Linkage
|
When two or more monosaccharides join to make a carbohydrate.
|
|
|
Starch and Glycogen
|
Energy source and storage. Animal muscle contains glycogen.
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
|
|
Amino
|
Base
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Sulfhydryl
|
Added to odorless gases
|
|
|
Phosphate
|
Energy
|
|
|
Methyl
|
Affects expression of genes
|
|
|
Monomer
|
Building block
|
|
|
Polymer
|
Long, chain-like molecule made of monomers
|
|
|
Dehydration Reaction
|
Synthesizing a polymer. Loses water
|
|
|
Hydrolysis
|
Disassembling a polymer, gain water
|
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
C, H, O (carboxyl and hydroxyl groups)
Ex: grains, bread, pasta, fruits, vegetables |
|
|
Monosaccharides
|
Glucose, fructose. Fuel for cells.
|
|
|
Disaccharides
|
2 monosaccharides joined together by dehydration reactions. Glycosidic Linkage. Sucrose
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polysaccharides
|
Hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides. Energy source and storage.
|
|
|
Glycosidic Linkage
|
When two or more monosaccharides join to make a carbohydrate.
|
|
|
Starch and Glycogen
|
Energy source and storage. Animal muscle contains glycogen.
|
|
|
Functions of Carbs
|
Energy, structural support in plants,
|
|
|
Lipids
|
Meat, cheese, fats, vegetables, oil, nuts
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
|
|
Amino
|
Base
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Sulfhydryl
|
Added to odorless gases
|
|
|
Phosphate
|
Energy
|
|
|
Methyl
|
Affects expression of genes
|
|
|
Monomer
|
Building block
|
|
|
Polymer
|
Long, chain-like molecule made of monomers
|
|
|
Dehydration Reaction
|
Synthesizing a polymer. Loses water
|
|
|
Hydrolysis
|
Disassembling a polymer, gain water
|
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
C, H, O (carboxyl and hydroxyl groups)
Ex: grains, bread, pasta, fruits, vegetables |
|
|
Monosaccharides
|
Glucose, fructose. Fuel for cells.
|
|
|
Disaccharides
|
2 monosaccharides joined together by dehydration reactions. Glycosidic Linkage. Sucrose
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polysaccharides
|
Hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides. Energy source and storage.
|
|
|
Glycosidic Linkage
|
When two or more monosaccharides join to make a carbohydrate.
|
|
|
Starch and Glycogen
|
Energy source and storage. Animal muscle contains glycogen.
|
|
|
Functions of Carbs
|
Energy, structural support in plants,
|
|
|
Lipids
|
Meat, cheese, fats, vegetables, oil, nuts
|
|
|
Phospholipid
|
Part of cell membrane. Ester Linkage, dehydration reaction.
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
|
Sugar
|
|
|
Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
|
|
Amino
|
Base
|
|
|
Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Sulfhydryl
|
Added to odorless gases
|
|
|
Phosphate
|
Energy
|
|
|
Methyl
|
Affects expression of genes
|
|
|
Monomer
|
Building block
|
|
|
Polymer
|
Long, chain-like molecule made of monomers
|
|
|
Dehydration Reaction
|
Synthesizing a polymer. Loses water
|
|
|
Hydrolysis
|
Disassembling a polymer, gain water
|
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
C, H, O (carboxyl and hydroxyl groups)
Ex: grains, bread, pasta, fruits, vegetables |
|
|
Monosaccharides
|
Glucose, fructose. Fuel for cells.
|
|
|
Disaccharides
|
2 monosaccharides joined together by dehydration reactions. Glycosidic Linkage. Sucrose
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polysaccharides
|
Hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides. Energy source and storage.
|
|
|
Glycosidic Linkage
|
When two or more monosaccharides join to make a carbohydrate.
|
|
|
Starch and Glycogen
|
Energy source and storage. Animal muscle contains glycogen.
|
|
|
Functions of Carbs
|
Energy, structural support in plants,
|
|
|
Lipids
|
Meat, cheese, fats, vegetables, oil, nuts
|
|
|
Phospholipid
|
Part of cell membrane. Ester Linkage, dehydration reaction.
|
|
|
Saturated Fat
|
All carbons have Hydrogen attached
|
|
|
Polar Molecules
|
Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
|
|
|
Non-polar Molecules
|
Equal sharing, hydrophobic
|
|
|
Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
|
|
Unique Properties of Water
|
1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
|
|
Cohesion/Adhesion
|
Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
|
|
|
Water and Heat
|
Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
|
|
|
Covalent Bond
|
Shared Electrons
|
|
|
Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
|
Ice is less dense than water.
|
|
|
Good solvent
|
Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
|
|
|
Acids
|
Increase hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Bases
|
Decrease hydrogen ions
|
|
|
Ph Scale
|
Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
|
|
|
Buffers
|
Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
|
|
|
Chemical Equations
|
Balanced
|
|
|
Importance of Carbon to Life
|
Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
|
|
|
Carbon Skeleton
|
Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
|
|
|
Hydrocarbon
|
Consists of carbon and hydrogen
|
|
|
Ionic Bonds
|
Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
|
|
|
Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
|
1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
|
|
Isomer
|
Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
|
|
|
Structural Isomer
|
Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
|
|
|
Cis-Trans Isomer
|
Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
|
|
|
Enantiomer
|
Mirror images of each other
|
|
|
Functional Groups
|
Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
|
|
|
Hydroxyl
|
Polar, helps dissolve
|
|
|
Carbonyl
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Sugar
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Carboxyl
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Acid
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Amino
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Base
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Hydrogen bond
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Weak bond, no sharing
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Sulfhydryl
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Added to odorless gases
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Phosphate
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Energy
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Methyl
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Affects expression of genes
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Monomer
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Building block
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Polymer
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Long, chain-like molecule made of monomers
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Dehydration Reaction
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Synthesizing a polymer. Loses water
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Hydrolysis
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Disassembling a polymer, gain water
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Carbohydrates
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C, H, O (carboxyl and hydroxyl groups)
Ex: grains, bread, pasta, fruits, vegetables |
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Monosaccharides
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Glucose, fructose. Fuel for cells.
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Disaccharides
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2 monosaccharides joined together by dehydration reactions. Glycosidic Linkage. Sucrose
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Van der Waals
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Weak bond, no sharing
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Polysaccharides
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Hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides. Energy source and storage.
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Glycosidic Linkage
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When two or more monosaccharides join to make a carbohydrate.
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Starch and Glycogen
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Energy source and storage. Animal muscle contains glycogen.
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Functions of Carbs
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Energy, structural support in plants,
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Lipids
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Meat, cheese, fats, vegetables, oil, nuts
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Phospholipid
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Part of cell membrane. Ester Linkage, dehydration reaction.
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Saturated Fat
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All carbons have Hydrogen attached
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Unsaturated Fat
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Not all C have H attached. Causes bend
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Polar Molecules
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Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
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Non-polar Molecules
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Equal sharing, hydrophobic
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Salts
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Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
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Unique Properties of Water
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1. Cohesion/Adhesion
2. Water and Heat 3. Greatest Density at 4 Celsius 4. Good Solvent |
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Cohesion/Adhesion
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Surface tension, constantly make and break bonds with adjacent water molecules
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Water and Heat
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Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
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Covalent Bond
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Shared Electrons
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Greatest Density at 4 Celcius
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Ice is less dense than water.
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Good solvent
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Forms hydrogen bonds quickly, can dissolve polar molecules, even proteins
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Acids
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Increase hydrogen ions
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Bases
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Decrease hydrogen ions
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Ph Scale
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Measure of hydrogen ions in solution
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Buffers
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Minimize changes in concentrations of h+ and oh- in a solution, usually an acid-base pair.
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Chemical Equations
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Balanced
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Importance of Carbon to Life
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Living organisms consist mostly of carbon, carbon is unparalleled in it's ability to form large, diverse molecules, proteins, DNA, and carbohydrates are examples of organic compounds made of carbon
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Carbon Skeleton
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Backbone. Can vary in length, branching, double bond number and position, and presence of rings.
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Hydrocarbon
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Consists of carbon and hydrogen
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Ionic Bonds
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Opposite sides of chart, brief sharing of electrons, difference in charge
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Diversity of Organic Molecules is a Function of:
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1. Variation in carbon skeletons
2. Chemical groups attached to skeletons |
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Isomer
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Same molecular formula, different shape/structure
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Structural Isomer
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Different covalent arrangements around atom, bent vs. straight
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Cis-Trans Isomer
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Same bonds, but differ in spatial arrangements due to rigid double bonds
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Enantiomer
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Mirror images of each other
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Functional Groups
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Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl
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Hydroxyl
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Polar, helps dissolve
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Carbonyl
|
Sugar
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Carboxyl
|
Acid
|
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Amino
|
Base
|
|
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Hydrogen bond
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
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Sulfhydryl
|
Added to odorless gases
|
|
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Phosphate
|
Energy
|
|
|
Methyl
|
Affects expression of genes
|
|
|
Monomer
|
Building block
|
|
|
Polymer
|
Long, chain-like molecule made of monomers
|
|
|
Dehydration Reaction
|
Synthesizing a polymer. Loses water
|
|
|
Hydrolysis
|
Disassembling a polymer, gain water
|
|
|
Carbohydrates
|
C, H, O (carboxyl and hydroxyl groups)
Ex: grains, bread, pasta, fruits, vegetables |
|
|
Monosaccharides
|
Glucose, fructose. Fuel for cells.
|
|
|
Disaccharides
|
2 monosaccharides joined together by dehydration reactions. Glycosidic Linkage. Sucrose
|
|
|
Van der Waals
|
Weak bond, no sharing
|
|
|
Polysaccharides
|
Hundreds to thousands of monosaccharides. Energy source and storage.
|
|
|
Glycosidic Linkage
|
When two or more monosaccharides join to make a carbohydrate.
|
|
|
Starch and Glycogen
|
Energy source and storage. Animal muscle contains glycogen.
|
|
|
Functions of Carbs
|
Energy, structural support in plants,
|
|
|
Lipids
|
Meat, cheese, fats, vegetables, oil, nuts
|
|
|
Phospholipid
|
Part of cell membrane. Ester Linkage, dehydration reaction.
|
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Saturated Fat
|
All carbons have Hydrogen attached
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Unsaturated Fat
|
Not all C have H attached. Causes bend
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Steroids
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Cholesterol, hydroxyl/methyl, signaling, communication
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Polar Molecules
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Unequal sharing, hydrophilic
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Non-polar Molecules
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Equal sharing, hydrophobic
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Salts
|
Opposite sides of chart, dissociate into water, when dry form crystals
|
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Saturated Fat
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All carbons have Hydrogen attached, straight, no double bonds, solid @ room temp
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Unsaturated Fat
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Not all C have H attached. Cis double bond causes bend. Liquid @ room temp
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Water and Heat
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Takes a lot of energy to change the temp of water, stores heat, evaporative cooking
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Proteins
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Meat, eggs, beans, nuts. C, H, O, N, sometimes S
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Nucleic Acids
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Genetic material. C, h, o, n, p. Phosphate and hydroxyl groups.
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Nucleotides
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Building blocks of DNA/RNA
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Phosphidiester linkage
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How nucleotides bond together
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Polynucleotide
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Nucleic Acid
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DNA
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2 polynucleotides spiraling in double helix. Genetic material
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RNA
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Single polypeptide chain.
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Why are cells small?
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Cell membrane creates internal and external environments. Oxygen, nutrients, waste have to transmit across membrane. The rate at which there transmit is directly proportional to the surface area of cell surface.
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Basic features of all cells
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Plasma Membrane
Semifluid substance called cytosil Cytoplasm - space between cell membrane and rest Chromosomes - carry genes Ribosomes - protein synthesis |
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Prokaryotic cells
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Bacteria and archaea. No nucleus, older, smaller
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Protista, fungi, animals, and plants. Nucleus, organelles, younger, larger
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Amino Acids
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Building blocks of proteins, carboxyl and amino groups, differ in properties due to difference in side chains
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Polypeptide
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Polymer of amino acids
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Peptide Bonds
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How amino acids are linked. Dehydration reaction. Strong covalent bond.
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Functional groups involved in peptide bond
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Carboxyl and Amino
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Protein Functions
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Repair and maintenance, energy, hormones, enzymes, transportation and storage of molecules, antibodies
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Primary Structure of Protein
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Sequence of amino acids
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Secondary structure of proteins
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Pleated sheets, helices
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Tertiary structure of proteins
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Starts to coil on itself
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Quaternary structure of proteins
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More than one polypeptide
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Proteins
|
Meat, eggs, beans, nuts. C, H, O, N, sometimes S
|
|
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Nucleic Acids
|
Genetic material. C, h, o, n, p. Phosphate and hydroxyl groups.
|
|
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Nucleotides
|
Building blocks of DNA/RNA
|
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Phosphidiester linkage
|
How nucleotides bond together
|
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Polynucleotide
|
Nucleic Acid
|
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DNA
|
2 polynucleotides spiraling in double helix. Genetic material
|
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RNA
|
Single polypeptide chain.
|
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Why are cells small?
|
Cell membrane creates internal and external environments. Oxygen, nutrients, waste have to transmit across membrane. The rate at which there transmit is directly proportional to the surface area of cell surface.
|
|
|
Basic features of all cells
|
Plasma Membrane
Semifluid substance called cytosil Cytoplasm - space between cell membrane and rest Chromosomes - carry genes Ribosomes - protein synthesis |
|
|
Prokaryotic cells
|
Bacteria and archaea. No nucleus, older, smaller
|
|
|
Eukaryotic Cells
|
Protista, fungi, animals, and plants. Nucleus, organelles, younger, larger
|
|
|
Amino Acids
|
Building blocks of proteins, carboxyl and amino groups, differ in properties due to difference in side chains
|
|
|
Polypeptide
|
Polymer of amino acids
|
|
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Peptide Bonds
|
How amino acids are linked. Dehydration reaction. Strong covalent bond.
|
|
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Functional groups involved in peptide bond
|
Carboxyl and Amino
|
|
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Protein Functions
|
Repair and maintenance, energy, hormones, enzymes, transportation and storage of molecules, antibodies
|
|
|
Primary Structure of Protein
|
Sequence of amino acids
|
|
|
Secondary structure of proteins
|
Pleated sheets, helices
|
|
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Tertiary structure of proteins
|
Starts to coil on itself
|
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Quaternary structure of proteins
|
More than one polypeptide
|
