Bio Digestion/excretion

Front 1

nutrients

Back 1

usable foods

Front 2

wastes

Back 2

unusable foods

Front 3

ingestion

Back 3

taking food into the body

Front 4

digestion

Back 4

the process that changes food into a form that can be used by your body cells

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intracellular digestion

Back 5

inside the cell

Front 6

extracellular digestion

Back 6

outside the cell

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mechnical digestion

Back 7

food is physically broken down into small pieces--increases surface area and improves enzyme action

Front 8

chemical digestion

Back 8

complex food molecules are chemically changed into simpler molecules

Front 9

digestive enzymes

Back 9

help break down foods chemically

Front 10

Enzymatic hydrolysis breakdown of carbohydrates

Back 10

simple sugar

Front 11

breakdown of lipids

Back 11

fatty acid and glycerol

Front 12

proteins

Back 12

amino acids

Front 13

alimentary canal/gastrointestinal (GI) tract

Back 13

tube of the digestive system that begins in the mouth and ends with the anus--as food passes through, special areas of the tube mechanically and chemically change food

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peristalsis

Back 14

slow, rhythmic, muscular contractions that move food in one direction through the alimentary canal

Front 15

where are the nutrients passed to after chemical digestion?

Back 15

to all the cells in the body

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oral cavity

Back 16

the mouth

Front 17

salivary glands

Back 17

located in the oral cavity and secrety saliva

Front 18

what kind of digestion happens in the mouth?

Back 18

chemical AND mechanical

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saliva

Back 19

has mucus that moistens food making it easier to swallow and also contains the enzyme ptyalin

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ptyalin

Back 20

starts the chemical digestion of starches

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taste buds

Back 21

little groups of cells located in the tongue and roof of the mouth

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4 kinds of taste buds

Back 22

sweet, sour, bitter, and salty

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incisors and canines

Back 23

teeth for cutting and tearing

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premolars and molars

Back 24

crushing and grinding

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esophagus/gullet

Back 25

tube that moves food from the mouth to the stomach by peristalis
-no chemical digestion begins in the esophagus-chemical action of saliva continues until food reaches the stomach
-esophagus produces mucus

Front 26

mucus

Back 26

lubricates (moistens) food so that it slides down the esophagus more easily

Front 27

stomach

Back 27

muscular, J-shaped organ

Front 28

how does mechanical digestion occur in the stomach

Back 28

when stomach muscles turn and mash food

Front 29

chyme

Back 29

when food becomes a thick, soupy mixture

Front 30

chemical digestion in the stomach

Back 30

glands in the stomach lining secrete gastric juice and hydrochloric acid

Front 31

pepsin

Back 31

an enzyme in gastric juice that begins the chemical digestion of protein.

Front 32

rennin

Back 32

an enzyme that begins the chemical digestion of milk protein

Front 33

hydrocholoric acid

Back 33

destroys bacteria normally present in food and provides the proper pH for enzyme action

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small intestine

Back 34

where partly digested food goes from the stomach; here, food digestion is completed and digested nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream

Front 35

where does most chemical digestion take place?

Back 35

in the small intestine, not the stomach

Front 36

bile

Back 36

made by the liver; prepares fats and oils for enzyme digestion by breaking them down into smaller pieces

Front 37

how bile is helpful

Back 37

It increases the surface area of fat particles, thereby speeding up fat digestion by enzymes caled lipases

Front 38

detergent effect

Back 38

action of bile

Front 39

gall bladder

Back 39

where bile is stored

Front 40

bile duct

Back 40

how bile enters the small intestine

Front 41

villi

Back 41

tiny finger-like projections that line the inside of the small intestine. They increase the surface area of the small intestine for the absorption of the end products of digestion.

Front 42

How are the end products absobred by the villi of the small intestines?

Back 42

the process of diffusion

Front 43

large intestine/colon

Back 43

where undigested foods (wastes) pass from the small intestine

Front 44

what happens inside the large intestine?

Back 44

water, some vitamins, and minerals are absorbed into the blood steam.

Front 45

Feces

Back 45

Remaining undigested foods after the other wastes are absorbed into the blood stream

Front 46

rectum

Back 46

the lower end of the large intestine where the feces are stored

Front 47

anus

Back 47

where feces are eliminated from the body

Front 48

egestion

Back 48

indigestible food is eliminated from the body

Front 49

why are certain foods not digestible?

Back 49

1) specific enzymes are not present
2) not the best hydrolysis condtions between the food and the enzyme

Front 50

end products

Back 50

final compounds formed by digestion
-small and checmically simple so that they can be absorbed and used by the body's cells

Front 51

what are produced from the complete digestion of fats and oils

Back 51

simple sugars and fatty acids

Front 52

what are the result of protein digestion

Back 52

amino acids

Front 53

where do the end products go?

Back 53

simple sugars and amino acids pass into blood capilarries
-fatty acids and glycerol go into the lymph system

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ulcer

Back 54

open, painful sore in the stomach lining because there is not enough mucus, secreted by cells lining the stomach and helps to protest the stomach lining from hydrocholoric acid, or there is too much acid
-can bleed and sometimes eat through the stomach wall
-can be tretely with diet and medication

Front 55

tooth decay

Back 55

causes by mouth bacteria

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appendicitis

Back 56

an infection of the appendix--treatment=removal of the appendix b/c if its not removed it can burst and infect the surrounding membranes and organs possibly leading to death

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appendix

Back 57

SMALL FINGER LIKE PROJECTION LOCated near the beginning of the large intestine--has no known function in humans

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diarrhea

Back 58

condition when the feces do not remain in the large intestine long enoguh for the water to be abosrbed--can causes dehydration

Front 59

constipation

Back 59

a condition where the feces remain in the colon too long--causes by too little biger or water in the diet

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excretion

Back 60

the removal of wastes of cell activities from the body

Front 61

Difference between wastes of excretion and egestion

Back 61

excretion-liquids and gases
egestion-solids

Front 62

metabolic wastes

Back 62

wastes produced by life activities (metabolism)

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examples of metabolic wastes and how they are produced

Back 63

-carbon dioxide-formed during aerobic respiration
-water-aerobic respiration and other cell activities
-urea-nitrogen waste from breakdown of amino acids produced during protein synthesis
-mineral salts-breakdown of various compounds in the cell

Front 64

what is the role of blood in excretion?

Back 64

wastes of excretion leave body cells and are secreted into intercellular fluid. wastes pass from intercellular fluid into the blood plasma by diffusion. The blood plasma transports these excretions to excretory organs that remove them from the body.

Front 65

excretory system

Back 65

removes cellular wastes from the body, whivh helps maintain a proper balance of body chemicals.

Front 66

Organs of excretory system

Back 66

skin, lungs, urinary system, and liver

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epidermis

Back 67

outer layer of skin

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dermis

Back 68

inner layer of skin

Front 69

sweat glands

Back 69

excrete perspirtation through skin pores

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perspiration

Back 70

made up of nitrogenous wastes (urea), salts, and water.

Front 71

how does the skin control body temperature?

Back 71

when perspiration evaporates from the skin, heat is absorbed from skin cells. This absorption of heat lowers body temperature, which results in cooling the body.

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lungs role in excretion

Back 72

excrete carbon dioxide and water vapor by diffusion and exhalation

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urinary system

Back 73

contains kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra

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kidneys

Back 74

bean-shaped organs that lie along the back wall of the abdomen. It acts as filters in the removal of urea, and excess water and salts from the blood. Besides wastes, useful substances diffuse out of the flood into the kidney. Also, useful substances are returned to the blood before the blood leaves the kidney

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nephrons

Back 75

masses of microscopic subunits that make up each kidney

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urine

Back 76

excretions made of urea and water sent by the kidney

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ureter

Back 77

tube that sends urine to the urinary bladder

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urinary bladder

Back 78

sac-like, where urine is stored temporarily

Front 79

urethra

Back 79

through which urine leaves the body

Front 80

largest internal organ in the body

Back 80

liver

Front 81

liver functions

Back 81

1) produces urea, nitrogenous waste, by breaking down excess amino acids
2) removes poisions, such as alcohol, from the blood
3) stores extra sugar in the form of animal starch (glycogen)
4) changes glycogen into glucose and secretes it back into the bloodstream when the body needs energy

Front 82

kidney stone

Back 82

collection of solid material that may block the kidneys, ureters, or bladder

Front 83

gout

Back 83

disease associated with the production and deposition of uric acid crystals in joints. Produces symptoms similar to arthritis

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uremia

Back 84

urea and other wastes are not filtered out of the flood. The body cells become poisoned and there is urine in the blood

Front 85

blackheads and acne

Back 85

clogging of skin pores

Front 86

cirrhosis of the liver

Back 86

disease caused by damade to cells. Leads to type of high blood pressure. Most common cause is alcohol-Hepatitis, inflamation of the liver, can also lead to this disease. Discovered by routine medical examinations or lood tests. Later symptoms are yellow skin, fluid collection in tissues, mental confusion, and vomitting blood. Treated by eliminating alcoholic beverages or liver transplant

Front 87

deamination

Back 87

the chemical breakdown of amino acids

Front 88

bowman's capsule

Back 88

part of the kidney where many soluble blood components (such as water, salts, urea, and soluble nutrients) are absorbed from the blood by diffusion

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glomerulus

Back 89

capillary network in the kidney that are branched off off two arteries that carry blood to the kidney for filtering