Bio Digestion

Front 1

GLUT5

Back 1

Import of fructose to enterocytes of small intestine from lumen

Front 2

SGLT-1

Back 2

Na+-glucose transport #1 fo glucose and galactose import to enterocytes from lumen

Front 3

GLUT2

Back 3

Glucose transport into enterocytes at high glucose levels from lumen

Front 4

Basal side of enterocyte

Back 4

GLUT2 and GLUT5 for efflux of glucose and fructose

Front 5

Apical side of enterocyte

Back 5

SGLT1 and GLUT5 for import of glucose, galactose and fructose

Front 6

PEPT1

Back 6

transports di and tripeptides into enterocytes on apical side

Front 7

9 essential amino acids

Back 7

K,V,I,L,W,F,M,T,H

Front 8

Vit A fxns

Back 8

Vision and gene regulation

Front 9

Vit A deficiency

Back 9

Night blindness, epithelial damage

Front 10

Vit D, Calciferol fxn

Back 10

Calcium and phosphate absorption

Front 11

Vit D deficiency

Back 11

Ricketts

Front 12

Vit C, ascorbic acid fxn

Back 12

Antioxidant, connective tissue

Front 13

Biotin fxn

Back 13

Coenyme

Front 14

Biotin deficiency

Back 14

hair loss, skin problems

Front 15

Vit K fxn

Back 15

Blood clotting (menadione)

Front 16

Vit K deficiency

Back 16

hemophilia

Front 17

Vit E fxn

Back 17

Antioxidant

Front 18

Vit E deficency

Back 18

anemia (free radicals)

Front 19

Simple lipids

Back 19

Fatty acids, triaglycerol, sterols (cholesterol)

Front 20

Complex

Back 20

Phospholipids, Lipoproteins

Front 21

Triaglycerides

Back 21

Glycerol backbone + 3 fatty acid chains linked by ester bond

Front 22

Enzyme breaking own triaglyceride

Back 22

Lipases

Front 23

Transport of short chain FA and glycerol

Back 23

Through blood

Front 24

Transport of long chain FA, monacylglycerides, triglycerides, and cholesterol

Back 24

Through ER as chylomicrons, packed in golgi and secreted to lymph

Front 25

Glycerol

Back 25

3 Carbon methylene with hydroxyls

Front 26

sn2monoacylglycerol

Back 26

acyl fatty acid on middle glycerol carbon

Front 27

What is the gut derived from

Back 27

Endoderm

Front 28

3 main regions of the gut

Back 28

Foregut, midgut, hindgut

Front 29

What make up the foregut

Back 29

Esophagus, stomach, anterior duodenum and it forms the buds for the liver and pancreas

Front 30

WHat make up the midgut

Back 30

The posterior part of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum and large intestine

Front 31

Hindgut?

Back 31

Colon and rectum

Front 32

How do you increase uptake at the lumen of GI tract (of nutritents)

Back 32

increase surface area

Front 33

2 ways that the GI tract has increased surface area

Back 33

Long gut length, surface undulations (with folds, microvilli, and villi)

Front 34

What are villi

Back 34

Entereocytes lined with microvilli (brush border)

Front 35

Cells in stomach

Back 35

Mucous, chief, parietal, entereoendocrine

Front 36

What do mucous cells secrete

Back 36

bicarbonate and muscin

Front 37

What does bicarbonate in the stomach do

Back 37

Buffer the pH of the stomach for a moer gradual gradient

Front 38

What does muscin in the stomach do

Back 38

It is a glycoprotein which is a gel like matrix

Front 39

What do chief cells do

Back 39

They secrete protease pepsin

Front 40

What do enteroendocrine cells do

Back 40

Secrete hormones into the blood (gastrin)

Front 41

What do parietal cells do

Back 41

Excrete HCl, stimulated by hormones

Front 42

Layers of the stomach

Back 42

Mucousa, submucosa, smooth muscle

Front 43

Layers of the intestine

Back 43

Mucosa, submucosa, circular smooth muscle, longitudinal smooth muscle

Front 44

Cells in intestines

Back 44

Entereocytes, goblets, enteroendocrine, pareth, crypt of liberkuhn

Front 45

What do enterocytes in the intestine do?

Back 45

Absorption

Front 46

What do Goblet cells in intestine do?

Back 46

secrete mucus

Front 47

What do enteroendocrine cells in intestine do?

Back 47

Secrete hormones

Front 48

What do pareth cells in the intestine do?

Back 48

Secrete antimicrobials like lysozymes

Front 49

What do Crypt of Liberkuhn do?

Back 49

Secrete sucrase, maltase, lactase, peptidase

Front 50

What do the longitudinal muscles of intestine do?

Back 50

Control length and peristalsis

Front 51

What do the circular muscles of intestine do?

Back 51

Control diameter and segmentation

Front 52

Where is the origin of contraction signals?

Back 52

Myogenic and neurogenic

Front 53

What is the etwork between muscle layers called?

Back 53

Mytenic plexus

Front 54

What innervation is in the mytenic plexus?

Back 54

Both para and sympathetic

Front 55

What do bile salts do?

Back 55

Help emulsify fat

Front 56

Hormones for short term info about hunger

Back 56

Ghrelin, CKK, PYY, (from vagus?)

Front 57

Hormones for long term info about hunger

Back 57

leptin

Front 58

POMC neuron more hungry or less

Back 58

Decrease appetite

Front 59

NPY neuron more hungry or less

Back 59

Stimulate appetite

Front 60

Ghrelin effect

Back 60

stimulate relase of NPY

Front 61

CKK

Back 61

Inhibit NPY (which then allows POMC to be active)

Front 62

PYY

Back 62

Inhibit NPY

Front 63

Leptin

Back 63

Inhibit NPY and also activate POMC

Front 64

What part of hypothalamus has receptors for appetite hormones

Back 64

Arcuate nucleus

Front 65

Where is leptin from

Back 65

white adipose tissue

Front 66

where is ghrelin from

Back 66

stomach

Front 67

where is ckk from

Back 67

duodenum

Front 68

where is pyy from

Back 68

colon