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102 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
nearsightness
image forms infront of retina
myopia
farsightness
image forms behind the retina
hypermetropia
inc of pressure in the aqueous humor due to the blockaging of the outflow of aqueous humor
glucoma
lens become opaque and no light can enter the eye

blindness
cataracts
unicellular or colonial free lving symbiotic
heterotropic but some photosyntetic
proliferate in moist environment
have contractile vacoule, flagella and cillia
protista
globular protein tat act as carriers, enzymes and have many other function
albmins
fatty acid like carbon chain containing conjugted double bonds and carrying six membered carbon rings at each end

pigments and produce yellow, orange and brown colors in plants and animals
carotenoids
AKA phospholipid
lecithn
contain glycerol, two fatty acid phosphate group and nitogen containin group
phospholipids
hydrostaic pressure is greater at the?
arterial end
arteial end (hydro and osmatic pressue??)
hydrostatic pressure which is greater at he arterial end( much greater than osmotic pressure) drive fluid out of the vessel into the interstitial space
osmatic pressure is greater at the?
venule end
venule end (hydro and osmotic p??)
osmotic pressure which is greater at venule end drive fluid back into the vessels to be returned to the vessel
starling's hypothesis
all of the fluid cannot be returned to vessel

instead fluid travels thru the interstitial space until it is picked up by lymphatic sys. where it is filtered thru the lymph nodes and returned to circulatory system via the thoracic duct
this aids in controlling blood pressure in the body
renin
renin is release by () in response to ()
kindey in response to BP falls
this converts angiotensinogen to angiotenin I
renin
this cause release of aldostrone from adrenal cortex
(indirectly)
renin

which opens ion channel in the convoluted tubule of kidney to inc water resorption
renin formed by
juxoglomerular apparatus in the kidney
this is lymph vessel which returns lymphatic fluid back to the venous circulation
thoracic duct
this is a capillary ball in the nephron were glucose , water, a.a, ions and urea enters while plasma protein and cells remain behind
glomerulous
achetylcholin release at
neuromuscular junction when vesicles cotaining this neurotransmitter merge w/ the membrane
their mouth formed second and anus is formed first from the blastopore
deuterostomes
only two organisms are deuterostomes.
all other organism blastorepore forms the mouth first
echinoderms and vertebtrates
enchinoderms (star fish) are considered our invertebrate predecessors b/c
they are the only organism besides vertebrate that are deuteostomes
sa node
atrium to ventricle
heart beat is initiated by SA node
AV node
ventricle to atria
which signals bundle of his which transports the contraction thur purkinge fiber
this control contriction of ventricle
AV node
not as regular as SA node
the delay btw contraction of atria and ventricle allows for
the filling of the ventricle blood from atria
this is pressure of ventricle
systolic pressure
this is the pressure btw contraction
diastolic pressure
systolic p is () than diastolic pressure
higher
this is rapid motor response
require no input from brain
reflec arc
which part of our body convert excess a.a to glucose fat and ammonia
liver
which part of our body synthesize angiotensinogen which inc B.P
liver
which part of our body break down glycogen to glucose due to singal from glucogen and epineprine
liver
cartilaginous structure
prevent food from going down the treachea
-it close off respiratory tract by covering glottis
epiglottis
which part of our body break down glycogen to glucose due to singal from glucogen and epineprine
liver
cartilaginous structure
prevent food from going down the treachea
-it close off respiratory tract by covering glottis
epiglottis
this is opening at the top of treachea
glottis
this is opening at the top of treachea
glottis
tongue is
muscle
this is voice box located below glottis
larynx
used by liver to produce prothrombin whic is clotting protein

fat soluble
vitamin K
propr growth of skin, hair, mucus membrane, night vision, bone growth

fat soluble
vitamin A
bone and tooth development
absorption of calcium and phosphate from diet

fat solube
vitamin D
antioxidant, protect cell mem
prevet degradtion of vitamin A

fat soluble
vitamin E
water soluble vitamin B12
essential for red blood cell formation, and proper functioning of the nervous system
vitamin B12
this lead from pacreas to duodenum and carry panreatic enzyme (bicarbonate)
pancreatic duct

panrea's excocrine function
this secreated directly to blood stream in pancreas
insulin (B) glucagone (A) which is hormone produce by pancreas

endocrine function (directly to the blood)
this release action potential to each muscle fiber
axon
what happens when action potential reaches the muscle fivr?
it cause the Ca+2 rom the sarcoplasmic reticulum to initiate te sliding of the actin and myosin filament
what is characterization of insects
chitinous exoskeletons w/ 3 segmented bodies made up of a head, thorax abdomen

-3 pairs of jointed leg
-2 pairs of wing
-breathe thru treachea tubes
this secreates the hormone melatonin which involves in the control of circadium rhythms which also involves in sexual maturation
pineal gland
this contains tracts that connect the cerebrum to other parts of the brain

work with medulla for breathing rate
PONS
large group of simple eye
characteristics of insects
compound eye
temp reg.
sleep/wake cycle
water salt balance
hunger, sex
produce vasoprssin (ADH) oxytocin, TRH and GnRH
hypothalamus
this are energy storage molecule locted in muscle fibers. they release the energy utilized during contraction actin and myosin filaments slide along one another
ATP and phosphocreatin
chordata but not a vertebrate
they have stiff dorsal rod called notochord.
amphioxus and tunicate worm to not lose their notochord
this replace notochord of the embryo and the nerve chord
vertebrae
head thorax abdomen
insects in arthropods
calcerous shell with soft mantle
only mullusks (snails slug and clams)
this triggers reversible behavioral changes in the recipian

sex attractent pheromoesalarm and toxic defense substance
releaser pheromons
long term behavioral and physiological alteration in recipient animal

-limit sexual reproduction in reas of high animal density
primer pheromones
changes occur after birth in to breath its own
lung expends with air and rhythmic breathing begins

resistance in pulmonary blood vessel dec, inc flow thru lung

BP of inferior vena cava dec causing dec in pressure in right atrium

atrial pressure inc due to inc blood flow from the lung

inc left atrialpressure, which dec right atrial pressure cause foramen ovale to close

ductus arteriosus constricts and later coses permantly

ductus venosus degerates and completely clos in 3 month

infants begin to produce adults hemoglobin
self sustaining

stable abiotic w stabl biotic

constant E source

a living system system incorporating this E into organic compounds

cycling of materials btw the living system and environmen
stable ecosystem
top marine biome

low tide
variation of temp

algae, sponges, claims, snails, star fish, se urchin
intertidal zone
middle marine biome

depth up to 600 fet

algae, crab, custacea, fish
littoral zone
open sea
photic
-plankton, fish, sharks, whales

aphotic (sunless)
pelagic zone
growth of portion sof plants towards or away from gravity
geotropism (postive and negative)
occurs as the shoot grows away from the force of gravity
negative geotropism
growth of roots towards the pull of gravity
positive geotropism
both geotropism occur due to differential concentration of this on upper and lowr side of the plants
auxin
new pholem cell is stimulated by
gibberellins
type of naturl vegitative propagation and are characterized by woody underground stems

ex fern, irises
form of asexual reproduction in plants
rhizomes
this is primary invove i water reabsorption. salt and minerals are reabsorbed with this water and bacteria within this produce vitamin K wich is also reabsorbed
large intestine
the aquatic environmet necessary for embryonic development in amphibians is replaced in reptile by
amniotic fluid whch prevent shock
gas exchange thru egg shell in embryonic membrane
chorion
respiration and excretion in embryonic membrane
allantois
enclose amniotic fluid
amnion
enclose yolk and transfer food to the developing embryo
yolk sac
innervate by somatic NS
striated
multinucleated
skeletal muscle
-voluntary movement
innervated by autonomic NS
found in digesteve track, bladder, uterus, blood vessel
one centrally located nucleus
smooth muscle
-involuntary
innervated by autonomic NS
straited
one or two centrally located nucleus
cardiac muscle
-muscle tissue of heart
has digestive sac
one opening (gastrovascular cavity)

only ecto and endo
have tenticles, stinging cell to catch prey

nerve net

radial sym
coelenterates "hydra"
this hace more speacles than other phylum
arthropod
radial sym
coelenterats (hydra) and echinoderms (star fish)
gamma globulin is
antibody
exhalaton and gas exchange are active or passive process ??
passive
relex of diaphragm and external intercostal muscle
exhalation
contraction (flaten) of diaphragm and external intercostals
inhalation
vein do not have a strong pulse??
true
nose, outer ear, skeletal joint and larynx are made of
cartilage
arterial end of the capillary bed HP is () than OP thus force fluid out of capillary
greater
at the venule end HP is () than OP thus force fluid in to the capillary
less
this stimulates bth reabsorption of Na+ from collecting duct and secrtion of K+ (it cause Na+/K+ pumpto be turned on at distal convoluted tubules)
aldoestone from adrenal cortex
Na reabsorption inc water reabsorption leading to a rise in blood volume thus rise in
Blood Pressure and concentrated urine

this is stimulated by angiotensin II
swelling along lymph vessel
containing phagocytic cell (leukocyte) that filter the lymph, removing forign particle pathogens
lymph nodes
this break down hemogobin
liver
this absorbs fat and fat soluble vitamins
lymphatic fluid
contriction of ventricle
systole
constriction of atrium
diastole