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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What 3 things do DNA is used for?
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1. Make proteins in cells
2. Identity individuals (paternity) 3. Understand relationships |
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What's wrong with cancer cells?
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checkpoints don't function because proto-oncogens havemutations
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When do mutations occur?
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during DNA replication
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When does crossing over occur?
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Prophase 1
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When does random allignment occur?
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metaphase 1
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A chromose is essentially a ___
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condensed form of DNA
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A duplicated chromosome is ___
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two chromosome attached (5.6)
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3 subcomponents of interphase?
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G1- Cell growth, cell is doing it's thing.
S - Synthesis Plane- DNA is copied G2 - Proteins made for mitosis |
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2 chromatids per ___
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1 chromosome
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FULL CELL DIVISION OF SOMATIC CELLS GO
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>Interphase
-G1: Cell's organelles duplicate, cell enlarges -S: DNA replicates -G2: proteins are synthesized for mitosis >Mitosis -Prophase: replicated chromosomes condense and microtubules anchored -Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the middle of cell -Anaphase: Chromatids pulled apart -Telephase: Nuclear envelopes reform >Cytokinesis: Cells divide |
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A mass of overgrowing cells?
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tumor
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3 types of general mutations?
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1. Gray to Gray (same)
2. Strong to String (different!) 3. Nerve to nauve (no meaning!!) |
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4 basis of DNA?
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adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
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5.12!!!
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5.12!!!
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What is translation?
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production of polypeptides from mRNA
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___ is variable by state?
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skin cancer rates
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(5.19)
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5.19
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5.21, 5.22
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5.22, 5.21
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A fertilized egg is a ___.
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zygote.
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Anaphase 1 of gamete cell divisions changes the amount of chromosomes from __ to __.
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92 to 46
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Examples of Prokyarotes?
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bacteria and archaea
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Describe Fungi
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- Immobile
-Produce spores -Are very useful |
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Describe 2 parts of plants.
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vascular tissue
seeds |
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How does cell reproduction begin?
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DNA polymerase makes a REPLICATE of the DNA, for the new cell, by unzipping the DNA and adding T's or G's to A's and C's.
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Duplicated DNA has ___.
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two times the normal amounts (the single strand has been replicated and condensned into a chunk. 5.6
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Describe basal cell skin cancer
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carcinoma
most common, least dangerous most treatable |
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Describe squamons skin cancer
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raised, reddened
moderately dangerous |
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Describe malignant melonoma skin cancer
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most dangerous, rarest
assymetry |
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How many pairs of chromosomes in humans? What are the types?
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23 pairs
22-normal 1 - sex pair |
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Gametes must contain ___.
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HALF of the total amount of DNA/Chromatids to ensure fertilizations.
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Gamete cells: meiosis 2 is same as mitosis.
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Got it?
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For gamete cells: In meiosis 2, we ____.
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reduce the chromosomes from 46 to 23
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How do we create variations?
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1. crossing over
2. random allignment |
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For every gene, we have ___
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1 allele from each parent.
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Gametes contain ___ of genes.
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unique combinations
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Genes are made up of ___
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alleles (2 forms)
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Genotype frequencies of punnett square?
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Probabilities
25% AA 50% Aa 25% aa |
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What are Protista?
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Single celled
Have organelles (endosymbionts) |
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Types of plants?
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Flowering
Non-flowering |
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What does DNA polymerase do?
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(enzyme that makes a copy of the original DNA for reproduction)
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Mitosis ONLY deals with?
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nucleosis and DNA
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What do we have to do to DNA before mitosis?
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Condense it so it's managemeable
S PHASE |
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What do proto-oncogens do?
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make enzymes that regulate cell division
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What are the three checkpoints in the cell cycle where the cell (detailed!)?
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G1: Is cell big enough? Enough nutrients?
G2: Was DNA replicated correctly? Is cell big enough? Metaphase: Are all chromosomes attached to microtubles? |
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Mutated cancer genes?
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oncogenes
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What ELSE does DNA polymerase do?
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make sure divison goes right.
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Risk factors for mutations?
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1. Smoking
2. Drinking/Radiatio 3. Family history 4. Age |
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What is actinic keratosis?
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"pre-cancer", scaley red spots
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What are the caution tips of cancer?
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C hange in bowel or bladder
A sore that won't heal U nusual bleeding T hickening lump I ndegestion O bvious change in mole N nagging caugh |
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look up:
homologous chromosomes meiosis (how sperm/eggs are built) alleles basic inheritance |
5.19!!!
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What is meiosis?
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process to reduce DNA in GAMETE cells
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What does meiosis do?
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divides homologous pairs of chromosomes so that each gamete only gets 1 chromatid
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What are alleles?
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different form of a gene.
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What are homologous chromsomes?
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similar SIZE and CODE for same traits. We get ONE allele from mom, and one allele from dad.
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Non homologous chromosome pairs code ___.
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code for different traits
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What chromosomes code different traits?
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homologous chromosomes.
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What is a haploid?
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gamete cells
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What are diploids?
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non-gamete cells
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To make sperm egg cells, we have to separate____.
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diploid cells
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What is different about gamete cell division?
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5.23
-The homologous chromosomes pair up in prophase 1 -In anaphase 1, the homologous pairs (NOT chromatids) are separated. - |
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What is meiosis 1 in gamete cells?
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separation of duplicated, homologous chromosomes
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What is meiosis 2 in gamete cells?
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separation of sister chromatids
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What is crossing over?
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exchange of chromosome SEGMENTS between homologous chromosomes (5.24)
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What is random allignment?
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formation of new allele COMBINATIONS by mixing different chromosomes
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What is mRNA?
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a form of RNA that codes for amino acids.
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We think of DNA as a ____,that
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manual, that we have to condense
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What assures that some alleles are not inherrited together?
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independent assortment (6.5)
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What are the two types of alleles, according to Mendel?
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Dominant (A)
Recessive (a) |
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What do dominant alleles do?
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affect traits is independent of other allele
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What do recessive alleles do?
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does not influence trait in the presence of dominant allele
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What are the allele combinations?
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homozygous dominant AA
homozygous recessive aa heterozygous Aa |
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What is a monohybrid cross?
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genetic cross testing for the genetic basis of a single trait?
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What does monohybrid crossing do?
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allow calculation of PROBABILITIES of allele combination and the phenotypes/genotypes
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Phenotype frequencies of punnett square?
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75% red (AA, Aa, Aa)
25% white (aa) |
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What are quantitative traits?
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????
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What are quantitative traits due to?
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polygenic traits
environmental factors |
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What are polygenetic traits?
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phenotypes affected by multiple genes.
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What are the 2 ways to work on Quantitative traits?
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Direct Manipulation of Genes
Artificial Selection |
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Describe Direction manipulation of genes to study quantitative traits is ____.
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EXPENSIVE and TIME-CONSUMING
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What is Codominance?
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BOTH ALLELE of a heterozygous pair is expressed.
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Example of codominance?
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sickle cell
NN - Normal Nn - Less Affected nn - sickle sarias |
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What are the alternative inheritance patterns?
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Codominance
Incompete Dominance (<--LOOK UP) Multiple Allels |
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What is Incomplete Dominance?
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Red and White make pink
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What is codominance?
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Two alleles that merge (red gene plus white gene equals pink flowers)
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READ section 7.6
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7.6
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What can we use base pairing rule?
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DNA<- fingerprinting.
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How is base pairing done?
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1. Certain enzymes cut up DNA at certain points.
2. "Run" DNA fragments on a gel 3. Large and Small pieces fragment separately 4. Break H bonds, make single strands 5. Radioactive probe attached. 6. Take X-ray |
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What is a codon?
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A three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or polypeptide termination signal; basic unit of the genetic code.
In translation, an mRNA codon is recognized by its complementary tRNA anti-codon. |
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What is transcription?
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the process of creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA.
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What is translation?
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w
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In RNA, Uracil replaces ___
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Thymine
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Steps of Protein Synthesis?
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1. transcription of mRNA from a DNA gene in the nucleus.
2. protein synthesis is actually initiated by the AUG codon 3. Elongation of the peptide 4, The peptide chain leaves the ribosome. |
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What do ribosomes do?
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Make amino acids from reading along messanger RNA
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What is tRNA?
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RNA molecules that transport amino acids to ribosomes for incorporation into a polypeptide
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