Bio Concepts Of Evolution~2

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Phylogeny

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The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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Convergent evolution

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The evolution of similar features in different evolutionary lineages, which can result from living in very similar environments

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Systematics

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A scientific discipline focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationships

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Taxonomy

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The scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life

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Binomial

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A two-part late tonight name of a species, for example homo sapiens

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Genus

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In classification, the taxonomic category above species; the first part of a species binomial

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Species

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A group of members possess similar anatomical characteristics and have the ability to interbreed and produce viable, fertile offspring

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Family

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In linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above genus

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Orders

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In the linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above family

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Classes

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In linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above order

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Phylum

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In linnaean classification, the taxonomic category above class

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Kingdom

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In classification, the broad taxonomic category above phylum

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Domain

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A taxonomic category above the kingdom level. The three of Life are archaea, bacteria, and Eukarya

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Taxon

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The names taxonomic unit at any given level of classification

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Phylogenetic tree

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A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

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Cladistics

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An approach to systematics in which common descent is the primary Criterion used to classify organisms by placing them into groups called clades

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Clades

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A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

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Monophyletic

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Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all its descendants, equivalent to a clade "single tribe"

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Shared ancestral character

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A character shared by members of a particular clade that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade

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Shared derived characters

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And evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade

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Out-group

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In a cladistic study, attacks on a group of cats are known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the group of species being studied

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Ingroup

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In a cladistic study of evolutionary relationships, the group of taxa whose evolutionary relationships are being determined

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Parsimony

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In scientific studies, the search for the least complex explanation for an observed phenomenon

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Molecular systematics

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A scientific discipline that uses nucleic acids or other molecules in different species to infer evolutionary relationships

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Horizontal Gene transfer

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The transfer of genes from one genome to another through mechanisms such as trance poseable elements, plasmid exchange, viral activity, and perhaps fusions of different organisms

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Evolution

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Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from present-day ones; also, the genetic changes in a population from generation to generation

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Fossils

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A preserved Remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past

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H.M.S. Beagle

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The boats Darwin used when he did his explorations

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Adaptations

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An inherited characteristic that enhances an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

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Artificial selection

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The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to promote the occurrence of desirable traits

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Natural selection

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A process in which individuals with certain inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce there are individuals that do not have those traits

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Paleontologist

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A scientist who studies fossils

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Fossil records

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The chronicle of evolution over millions of years of geologic time engraved in the order in which fossils appear in rock strata

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Strata

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Rock layers formed when new layers of sediment cover old ones and compress them

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Biogeography

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The study of the past and present distribution of organisms

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Homology

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Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry

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Vestigial structures

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A feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organisms ancestors

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Molecular biology

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The study of the molecular basis of genes and gene expression; molecular genetics

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Evolutionary tree

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A branching diagram that reflects a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms

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Population

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A group of individuals belonging to one species and living in the same geographic area

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Gene pool

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All the alleles for all the genes in a population

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Microevolution

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A change in a population's gene pool over Generations

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Hardy-Weinberg Principle

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The principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work

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Genetic drift

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A change in the gene pool of a population due to chance

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Bottleneck effect

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Genetic drift resulting from a drastic reduction in population size

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Founder effect

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Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and form a new population whose gene pool is not reflective of that of the original population

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Gene flow

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The transfers alleles from one population to another as a result of the movement of individuals or their gametes

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Relative fitness

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The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the Next Generation, relatives the contributions of other individuals in the population