Bio Clep

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Phenotype

Back 1

Trait expressed

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Different forms of a gene

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Alleles

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Law of Segregation

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Traits are expressed froma apir of genes in the individual

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Law of Dominance

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One gene usually expresses itself over th eother.

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Law of Independent Assortment

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-dihybrid cross experiments
-most genes independent of one another, but some aren't!
-since homologous chromosomes separate and independely sort in gamete formation, alleles are also separated and indepdently sorted--> not always true

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Incompletele Dominance

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ex. White Flower + Red Flower= Pink Flower, neither white nor red is dominant over the other

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Multiple alleles

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Human blood- ex. IaIa and Iaio

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Exception to Independent Assortment

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-metaphase of meiosis I, hen homologous chromosomes line up along the center of the dividing cell

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Sex-linked traits

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More males develop the trait because they only have one X (hemophilia and colorblindness)

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Ecosystem

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group of populations found wihtin a given locality, plus the inanimate environment around those populations

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Population

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Total number of a single species of organism found in a given ecosystem

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Organism

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Individual of a particular species- can interbeed, produce viable offspring

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Community

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populations that interact with each other in a particular ecosystem
ex. temperate forest community

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biosphere

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all living things on Earth

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lithosphere

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ground

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hydrosphere

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water

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habitat

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physical place where species live

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niche

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phyiscal requirements (light and water) and biological activities (how it reproduces, hot it acquired food, etc).

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energy cycle

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supports live throughout the environment

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macronutrients

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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen

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erythrocytes

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red blood cells

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Every use of energy is...

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less than 100% efficient, about 10% is lost as heat

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BLOOD FLOW IN THE HEART

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right atrium to right ventricle to lungs then to left atrium to left ventricle to aorta

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Arteries

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oxygenated

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veins

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deoxygenated

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Nitrogen fixing

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process of combining N with H or O, by nitrogen-fixing bacteria or lightning. --> form NH4+ ions

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nitrification

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breaks down ammonia into nitrites

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Evolution of Plants

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Scientists conclude that in the evolution of life (including plants) the first cells were prokaryotic, and that eukaryotic cells developed as cells with varying functions were incorporated into more complex cells (the Endosymbiont Theory). In addition the early Earth atmosphere was void of oxygen, so early cells were anaerobic, with aerobic cells evolving later. Cyanobacteria are autotrophic (photosynthetic) prokaryotes that are considered ancestors of multicellular plants.

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Glucose

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MONOSACCHARIDE

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LIPIDS

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ORGANIC COMPOUDS COMPOSED OF C, H, AND O

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LIPIDS ARE ...

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HYDROPHOBIC
ex. phospholipids, moisture wbarriers,

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acid

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donates protons (H+)

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Law of Thermodynamics

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1. Matter can neither be created nor destroyed.
2. All reactions spread energy, which tends to diminish availability- increasing disorder (entropy)

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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observed tiny organisms

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Prokaryotes

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Bacteria

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Eukaryotes

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Plant, fungi, animal cells, protozoa

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Centrioles

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tubes constructed of a gemoetrical arrangement of microtubules in a pinwheel shape

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Table sugar

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Disaccharide

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Fructuse

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monosaccharide

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glycogen

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-polysaccharide composeof many joined flucose units
-short-term storage molecule for energy
-found in muscle and liver tissue

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cellulose

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polysaccharides

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starch

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polysaccharides

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Instinct

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highly stereotyped innate behavior

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Immunity to defend the body from infection

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tonsil, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus

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Endothermic

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energy storing

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Exothermic

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Energy releasing

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Amino acids are connected into chains by a water-releasing

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dehydration reaction that forms peptide bonds

Front 48

enzymes

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special proteins that act as catalysts for reactions

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erythrocyte

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red blood cells

Front 50

Production of Fat

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glycerol+3 fatty acids=fat (triglyceride) + water

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ribosomes

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site of protein synthesis within the cell

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microtubules, microfilaments, centrioles

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cytoskeleton of a cell

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ER

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delivery of lipids and proteins to certains areas within the cytoplasm (sort of cellular highway)

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Golgi Apparatus

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storing, packaging,and shipping of proteins

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Lysosomes

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membrane-bound organelles containing digestive enzymes, digest unused material within the cell

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Mitochondria

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Centers of cellular respiration (the process of breaking up covalent bonds within sugar molecules and release of ATP)

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mucleus

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surrounded by two lipid bilayers

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choloroplast

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site of photosynthesis

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Body of the choloroplast

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Stroma

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Stroma in stacked, disk-like plates

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grana

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central vacoule

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tonoplast is the name of the membrane

Front 62

Pigments

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are found within the grana

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Translation

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Translation begins as a ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand at a particular codon known as the start codon.

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Passive Trasnport

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substances freely pass across the membrane without the cell expending any energy

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Facilitated Diffusion

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Does not required added energy, but it cannot occur without th ehelp of specialized proteins

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Active transport

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requiring energy output from the cell

Front 67

Diffusion

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PASSIVE TRANSPORT- process whereby molecules and ions flow through the cell memebrance from an area of higher concentration to one of a lower

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Osmosis

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PASSIVE TRANSPORT- high to low

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isomotic/isotonic

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water concentration is equal inside and outside

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First phase of meiosis

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The first phase of meiosis is known as reduction, which reduces the ploidy from 2N to N (diploid to haploid)

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lymphocyte

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type of white blood cell in the vertebrate immune system, B cells and T cells

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Air Passageway

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Before reaching the glottis (the opening that allows gases to pass into the bronchi), air passes through the pharynx and into the trachea. The larynx is the upper portion of the trachea; the glottis is the lower portion of the trachea.

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Chorion

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innermost surface of the shell, outermost membrane surrounding embryo

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Within Chorion..

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Amnion, a fluid-filled sac enclosing the embryo

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Allantois

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third week develops, becomes part of the umbilical cord, blood vessels to function to exchange gases and nutrients between the embryo and the mother

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Yok Sac Membrane

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Also forms from the developing digestive tract and also becomes part of the umbilical cord, stores nutrients for the embryo

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Baby Development

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Cleaveage--> Morula--> Blastula--> Gastrula

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Ectoderm

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develop into skin, endocrine glands, and the nervous system

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Endoderm

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the precursor of gut

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Mesoderm

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msucles, organs of the organs

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Germ layers

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ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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Dicot

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Five petals indicates that the plant is a dicot (a plant with two cotyledons in each seed). Dicots also have taproot systems and leaves with networked or branching veins. The vascular bundles of a dicot will be arranged in rings.

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Oparin's hypothesis

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Oparin's hypothesis included the idea that most water on Earth was in the form of water vapor and steam, not ice.

Front 84

Which of the following is an explanation of how altruistic traits evolve?

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kin selection

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Punctuated equilibrium

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Short period of quick mutation and change resulting in new species

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Kin selection

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The tendency for an individual to express altruistic traits toward close relatives, thus preserving the genes that produce altruistic traits

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Logistic population growth

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S-curve

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Photosynthetic organisms

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Photosynthetic organisms are found in the Kingdom Plantae and the Kingdom Protista

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Bryophytes

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nonvascular plants, ex. moss

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Cephalochordates

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notochord, no vertebrae

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Porifera

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sponges

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Cnidaria

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jelyfish and hydra

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platyhelminthes

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flat worms

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oisthecytes

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bony fish

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Tendrils

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Tendrils are modified stems that assist climbing plants such as the grapevine.

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Underground stems

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Underground stems include tubers, rhizomes, and corms

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Krebs Cycle occurs here

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mitochondria

Front 98

Krebs Cycle?

Back 98

Pyruvic acid enters the Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) here, where energy released by oxidation reactions performed on pyruvic acid is stored in high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP.

Front 99

Anaerobic metabolism of glucose occurs here

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The anaerobic metabolism of glucose is known as glycolysis. Unlike the aerobic phase of metabolism in the mitochondrion, the team of enzymes running the glycolytic pathway are found in the cytoplasm near the mitochondrion.

Front 100

protists are divided by their

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nutrition

Front 101

Adaptive radiation

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Adaptive radiation is a pattern that occurs when a lineage (single line of descent) branches into two or more lineages, and these further branch out.

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Crabs

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Arthropoda

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Kingdom Protista

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one-celled eukaryotes, algae and protozoa

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largest number of ATP molecules is produced by

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electron transfer system

Front 105

Best-adapted individuals are most likely individuals to reproduce viable offspring

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differential reproduction

Front 106

The infiltration of a previously isolated group by a member of an adjacent population, resulting in the increase of genetic possibilities

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Gene migration

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aggregate fruit

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raspberry, fused ovaries of a single flower

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phloem

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food

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gas exchange

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Insects use spiracles for gas exchange.

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ECTODERM

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skin

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FAP

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innate behavior, instinct

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Cenozoic

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most recent and present era

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vocal chords

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larynx

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Aves

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class composed of birds

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arthropoda

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insects

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nematoda

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phyla of round worms

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annelida

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segmented worms

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Aganatha

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no jaws

Front 119

Gnathostomata

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jaws

Front 120

catabolism

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molecules torn apart

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anabolism

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synthsis of ATP molecules to store energy

Front 122

monocots and dicots

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angiosperms

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Forebrain

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olfary lobes (smell)

Front 124

hypothalamus

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hunger and thirst

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cerebellum

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controls balance and muscle

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midbrain

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optic lobes, sight

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cerebrum

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sensory and motor responses, intellegence factor

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phototaxis

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migration of auxin to dark side of plant