Bio: Chpt 35

Front 1

Root System

Back 1

The ability to acquire resources efficiently is traceable to the evolution of three basic organs-roots, stems, and leaves. These organs form a root system and a shoot system., the latter consisting of stems and leaves.

Front 2

Roots

Back 2

An organ that anchors a vascular plant in the soil, absorbs minerals and water, and often stores carbohydrates.

Roots are typically not photosynthetic they starve unless photosynthates, the sugars and carbohydrates produced during photosynthesis are imported from the shoot system. conversely , the shoot system depends on the water and minerals that roots absorb from the soil.

Front 3

Stems

Back 3

An organ that raises or separates leaves exposing them to sunlight. Stems also raise reproductive structures, facilitating dispersal of pollen and fruit.

Front 4

Leaves

Back 4

In most vascular plants the leaf is the main photosynthetic organ, although green stems also perform photosynthesis. Leaves generally consist of a flattened blade and stalk.

Front 5

Dermal Tissue System

Back 5

-Plant's outer protective covering like skin

Defense against physical damage and pathogens

In non woody plants it is usually a single tissue called the epidermis, a layer of tightly packed cells

-In stems and leaves the cuticle is a waxy coating on the epidermal surface, it helps prevent water loss

Front 6

Vascular Tissue System

Back 6

Carries out long distance transport of materials between the root and shoot systems

Xylem and Phloem

Front 7

Xylem

Back 7

Conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots

Front 8

Phloem

Back 8

Transports sugars, the products of photosynthesis, from where they are made.

Front 9

Ground Tissue System

Back 9

Internal to the vascular tissue is known as pith.

External to the vascular tissue is called cortex.

Is not just a filler.

Includes various cells specialized for functions such as storage, photosynthesis and support.

Front 10

Parenchyma Cells

Back 10

form the "filler" tissue in the soft parts of plants

Front 11

Collenchyma Cells

Back 11

Have thin primary walls with some areas of secondary thickening

Provides extra structural support, particularly in regions of new growth

Front 12

Sclerenchyma Cells

Back 12

Have thick lignified secondary walls and often die when mature

Front 13

Structures of

Parenchyma Cells

Collenchyma Cells

Sclerenchyma Cells

Back 13

Front 14

Structure of Xylem and Phloem

Back 14

Front 15

Form and function of apical and lateral meristems

Back 15

Front 16

Root Growth

Back 16

Front 17

Shoot Growth

Back 17

Front 18

Describe the structure of leaves

Back 18

Front 19

Describe briefly how secondary growth occurs.

Back 19

The growth in thickness produced by lateral meristems occurs in stems and roots of woody plants, but rarely in leaves. Secondary growth consists of the tissues produced by the vascular cambium and cork cambium.

Front 20

Organ (Plant)

Back 20

a specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.

Front 21

Root system vs. Shoot system

Back 21

Front 22

Nodes

Back 22

The points at which leaves are attached

Front 23

Internodes

Back 23

The segments between nodes

Front 24

Epidermis

Back 24

Skin Tissue of plant

Front 25

Cuticle

Back 25

Waxy skin covering often found on the epidermis, prevents drying out, and acts as waterproofing, and protection against microbial attack

Front 26

Periderm

Back 26

The periderm is the secondary protective (dermal) tissue that replaces the epidermis during growth in thickness of stems and roots of gymnosperms and dicotyledons (i.e., secondary growth)

Front 27

Stele

Back 27

Vascular Cylinder appearing in the cross section as a lobed core of xylem with phloem between the lobes

Front 28

Pith

Back 28

Soft spongy tissue in the very center of shoots and primary, secondary growths.

Ground Tissue

Front 29

Cortex

Back 29

The outermost layer of the stem or root of a plant, bounded on the outside by the epidermis and on the inside by the endodermis.

Ground Tissue

Front 30

Sclereids

Back 30

Cells that are specialized entirely for support and strengthening. They are boxier than fibers and irregular in shape. They have very thick lignified secondary walls.

Front 31

Fibers

Back 31

Cells that are specialized entirely for support and strengthening. Usually grouped in strands are long, slender, and tapered. Hemp fibers make ropes, flax fibers for weaving into linen.

Front 32

Tracheids

Back 32

Water conducting cell, tubular. Occur in the Xylem of all vascular plants.

Front 33

vessel elements

Back 33

Water conducting cell, tubular. Occur in the Xylem of all vascular plants. Has perforations at the end plates which make them a tube-like long structure while tracheids do not have end plates.

Front 34

sieve-tube elements

Back 34

Chains of cells that transport nutrients throughout the phloem.

Front 35

sieve plates

Back 35

End walls between sieve-tube elements. They have spores that facilitate the flow of fluid from cell to cell along the sieve tube.

Front 36

companion cells

Back 36

Non conducting cells that follow along side the sieve-tube element. They are connected to the sieve tube element by numerous plasmodesmata. Aids in loading the sieve tube up with sugars.

Front 37

Indeterminate growth

Back 37

Growth that is not terminated. Unlike determinate growth that stops once a genetically pre-determined structure has completely formed.

Front 38

meristems

Back 38

The tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place. Meristematic cells give rise to various organs of the plant and keep the plant growing.

Front 39

Primary growth

Back 39

The increase in length of the shoot and the root. Vertical.

Front 40

secondary growth

Back 40

Results from cell division in the cambia or lateral meristems and that causes the stems and roots to thicken. Horizontal.

Front 41

vascular cambium

Back 41

A plant tissue located between the xylem and the phloem in the stems and roots of vascular plants. It is a cylinder of unspecialized meristem cells that divide to form secondary vascular tissues.

Front 42

cork cambium

Back 42

Tissue in the stem of a plant that gives rise to cork on its outer surface and a layer of cells containing chlorophyll on its inner surface.

Front 43

Root camp

Back 43

A section of tissue at the tip of a plant root. It is also called calyptra.

Front 44

leaf primordial

Back 44

Where leaves develop from.

Front 45

apical dominance

Back 45

The phenomenon whereby the main, central stem of the plant is dominant over (i.e., grows more strongly than) other side stems; on a branch the main stem of the branch is further dominant over its own side branchlets.

Front 46

Stomata

Back 46

Spores that interrupt the epidermis which allow for gas exchange of CO2 and O2.

Front 47

guard cells

Back 47

Each of a pair of curved cells that surround a stoma, becoming larger or smaller according to the pressure within the cells.

Front 48

mesophyll

Back 48

Leaf's ground tissue, is sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermal layers. Specialized for photosynthesis.