Bio Chem - Intro To Metabolism

Front 1

What is the circulating form of carbohydrates in animals? What is the intracellular storage form of carbs in animals? Aerobic vs anaerobic pathways of glycolysis? synthesis?

Back 1

Monosaccharides, mostly glucose. Stored as glycogen.

Aerobic = TCA
Anaerobic = fermentation
Glucose synthesized during gluconeogenisis.

Front 2

Of carbs, AAs, FAs, which contribute directly to the synthesis of nucleotides?

Back 2

AAs

Front 3

What happens to the ammonia left over from amino acid degradation?

Back 3

taken care of by the urea cycle

Front 4

what are the 2 hormones that largely control blood glucose? which is secreted in response to high blood glucose and brings blood glucose down? Which is secreted in response to low blood glucose and then increases blood glucose?

Back 4

Insulin, secreted in response to high blood glucose, and glucagons, secreted in response to low blood glucose.

Front 5

What is the name that describes the chemical process by which energy is obtained from biological fuels?

Back 5

oxidation

Front 6

What anabolic and catabolic pathways are involved in metabolism of carbohydrates? Which of these pathways connect with amino acid oxidation or synthesis? Which of these pathways connect with fatty acid oxidation or synthesis?

Back 6

Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle (TCA), gluconeogenesis, FA synthesis, FA oxidation, acetyl-CoA synthesis, Pentose Phosphate Pathway.

TCA is involved with AA oxidation or synthesis

Acetyl-CoA synthesis is involved with FA synthesis or oxidation

Front 7

What organ is the brain of metabolism? What organ has priority over all the others for the supply of fuel? Why are all other tissues often called extrahepatic tissues with respect to metabolism?

Back 7

The liver has a central role to metabolism and can be considered the brain of metabolism. The brain must get a constant supply of glucose to function properly. It has priority over all other body parts for energy. Extrahepatic tissues are those outside the liver. Most of the energy sources and most plasma proteins are produced in the liver. All other tissues use the energy or store some of it.

Front 8

How does the liver respond to low blood glucose? Can liver synthesize lipids from carb souces? Can liver synthesize lipids from amino acid sources? Can liver synthesize glucose from amino acid sources?

Back 8

Low blood glucose will cause liver to break down glycogen and synthesize new glucose molecules. Yes, the liver converts carbs to lipids. Liver converts AA into lipids. The liver can synthesize new glucose from AA.

Front 9

What metabolic pathway does the liver utilize to dispose of the nitrogen of the amino group of amino acids to incorporate the nitrogen into a non-ammonia form for excretion.

Back 9

The nitrogen from AAs is converted to ammonia. This ammonia enters the urea cycle to safely produce urine, which is excreted from the body.

Front 10

What is the intracellular storage form of fuels in adipose tissues? Are they primarily for use by adipose cells, or are they primarily for use in other tissues? How about liver storage of fuels, are the primarily for use by hepatic cells or are the primarily for use in extrahepatic tissues?

Back 10

FAs are stored within adipose tissues. These are not used by the adipocytes, but are used by other tissues. Adipocytes will release them when needed. The liver will store glycogen. When the liver detects low levels of blood glucose, it will break down glycogen into glucose molecules and release them into the blood. The stores are primarily for extrahepatic use.

Front 11

Why is the brain not able to utilize fatty acids as fuels for energy?

Back 11

FAs cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, thus making it an ineffective energy source for the brain.

Front 12

rate the energy pathways from highest to lowest

Back 12

aerobic glycolysis, anaerobic, oxidation of triacylglycerols, phoshocreatine, oxidation of ketone bodies

Front 13

what energy-carrying molecule DIRECTLY drives muscle contraction?

Back 13

ATP; has high energy phosphate bonds which the body can use

Front 14

Why is creatine phosphate used to store energy since its only purpose is to be converted to ATP? Why not just have more ATP?

Back 14

ATP concentration levels are critical to regulate many intracellular functions. ATP has more uses than energy for muscle contraction. It is used in many other intracellular processes. Creatine allows the muscle to use ATP without depleting the ATP pool for other cellular activities. Creatine will phosphorylate the 'used' ADP molecules back to ATP. This way the ATP supply will not be run down to zero.

Front 15

Metabolic features of slow twitch muscle that suit them to role in posture? What are the metabolic features of fast twitch muscle that suit them to their role in forceful movement?

Back 15

Slow twitch muscles have slower velocity contractile proteins, they are oxidative and have higher expression of TCA cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and FA oxidation enzymes. Fast twitch muscle have high velocity contractile proteins, they are glycolytic, and have higher expression of glycolytic enzymes.

Front 16

what pathways of metabolism take place on the inner membrane of the mitochondria? Mitochondrial matrix? Cytosol? ER?

Back 16

Inner membrane - oxidative phosphorylation
matrix of mito - TCA cycle, oxidation, AA metabolism, urea cycle,
Cytosol - glycolysis, gluconeogensis, glycogen synthesis/breakdown, FA synthesis, etc
ER - cholesterol, eicosanoid, phospholipip, sphingolipid synthesis, protein synthesis, protein modification

Front 17

what is the location of DNA synthesis? What is the location of RNA synthesis? What are the locations of protein synthesis? 2 organelles involved in protein modification?

Back 17

DNA and RNA synthesized in the nucleus of the cell. Proteins are synthesized in the cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, and some in the ER. Both the golgi and ER modify proteins.

Front 18

What is the role of the lysosome? The endosome?

Back 18

The lysosomes digests intracellular and extracellular substrates. The endosomes role is in protein and membrane lipid trafficking. It targets to proper location of cell.