Bio Chapter 9

Front 1

Respiration

Back 1

Breaks down fuel particles to produce ATP.

Front 2

3 Pathways of Respiration

Back 2

☆Glycolysis

☆Citric Acid Cycle

☆Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front 3

Fermentation

Back 3

A catabolic process that partially degrades sugars and other organic fuels in the absence of oxygen (therefore it is an anaerobic process)

● the Electron transport chain is not used in this process. But is used in Anaerobic Respiration.

Front 4

Aerobic Respiration

Back 4

More efficient process than fermentation ; oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with some form of organic fuel.

● most eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells carry aerobic respiration.

Front 5

Cellular Respiration

Back 5

Results in the relocation of electrons in organic molecules, which in turn causes a release of energy.

Front 6

Glucose is broken down in a series of steps

Back 6

Electrons travel through the process bonded to proton H+

The electrons are not transferred to direct oxygen rather their pass first to an electron carrier a coenzyme called NAD +

NAD plus is an electron acceptor and can easily alternate between NAD plus an nadh during respiration.

Front 7

, the most important redox reaction to a cell

Back 7

Oxidation of glucose and other molecules in food

Front 8

The transfer of electrons from nadh to water releases...

Back 8

Energy that is used for the production of ATP.

● the transfer of electrons from hydrogen to oxygen causes a release of energy as they "fall" closer to the more electronegative oxygen atom.

Front 9

Electron transport chain

Back 9

● the electron transport chain consists of a number of molecules, mostly proteins built into the inner membrane of the mitochondria( and plasma membrane of prokaryotes)

● electrons move from the "top" of the chain (higher energy) to the bottom of the chain (lower energy) where they are along with H+ nuclei picked up by O2 forming water.

Front 10

Citric acid cycle

Back 10

Acetyl COA enters, the breakdown is of glucose to CO2 is completed here

Front 11

Oxidative phosphorylation

Back 11

The electron transport chain accepts electrons from the breakdown products of the first two stages

Front 12

Glycolysis

Back 12

Occurs in the cytosol; Begins the degradation process by breaking down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.

Then pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl COA.

Front 13

This account for approximately 90% of ATP production in the cell

Back 13

Oxidative phosphorylation

Front 14

Substrate level phosphorylation

Back 14

And mechanism which holds glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to produce a smaller amount of ATP.

Occurs when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP rather than adding and inorganic phosphate to ADP as in oxidative phosphorylation

Front 15

Further steps of glycolysis

Back 15

Glucose, a six carbon sugar, is split into two three carbon sugars.

These smaller sugars are then oxidized and the remaining atoms are rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate.

Front 16

Two phases of glycolysis

Back 16

energy investment

energy payoff

Front 17

Citric acid cycle continued

Back 17

The citric acid cycle acts as a metabolic furnace that oxidizes organic fuel from pyruvates.

The citric acid cycle generates one molecule of ATP per turn by substrate-level phosphorylation, but most of the chemical energy is transferred from NAD + and a related electron carrier, the coenzyme fad (Flavin adenine dinucleotide) during redox reaction.

The reduced coenzymes nadh and fadh2 shuttle their electrons to the electron transport chain.

Front 18

Prosthetic groups and Cytochrome in the Electron transport Chain.

Back 18

Prosthetic Groups: are tightly bound to the complexes ( the multi protein complexes that are the components on the chain.) and crucial for the catalytic functions of certain enzymes.

Cytochromes: make up several of the proteins in the electron transport chain their prosthetic group is a heme group that contains an iron atom that accepts and donates electrons.

Front 19

Electron Transport Chain continued...

Back 19

●Fadh2 adds electrons to the chain at a Lower energy level ( complex 2) than Nadh ( complex 1)

●The chain does not create ATP directly, it frees up energy for chemiosmosis.

● Chain moves electrons from less Electronegative space to a more electronegative space down a gradient. Through proteins conplexes.

Front 20

Chemiosmosis

Back 20

The process by which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient is used to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP.

● in general terms, it is an energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work

Front 21

ATP Synthase

Back 21

A protein complex that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate these complexes line the inner membrane of the mitochondria (eukaryotes) or the plasma membrane (prokaryotes).

●uses the energy associated with an ion (H+) gradient to power the synthesis of ATP.

Front 22

2 Fermentation cycles

Back 22

● fermentation is an extension of glycolysis that allows continuous generation of ATP by the substrate level phosphorylation of glucose.

☆Alchohol Fermentation - pyruvate is converted to ethanol (ethyl alcohol) in 2 steps.

☆Lactic Acid Fermentation - pyruvate is produced directly by nadh to form lactate as an end product, with no production of CO2.