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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Long tail like structure used in cellular locomotion
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flagella
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membrane bound structure houses a cell's DNA
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nucleus
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motor protein that is involved in flagellar movement
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dynein
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organelle responsible for making ATP
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mitochondria
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type of sugar made in photosynthesis
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glucose
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short hair like structures used in cellular locomotion
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cilia
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type of cell that has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
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eukaryote
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smallest fiber of cytoskeleton that is made of actin
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microfilament
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organelle responsible for the process of photosynthesis
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chloroplast
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selective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell
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plasma membrane
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junctions that connect the plant cells and allow intercellular communication
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plasma desmata
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main molecule that makes up plasma membrane
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phospholipid
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structure inside nucleus that is responsible for making rRNA
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nucleosis
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refers to how large an image appears under a microscope
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magnification
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largest fiber of cytoskeleton; made of tubules
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microtubule
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medium sized fiber of the cytoskeleton that is made out of keratin
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intermediate filament
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type of cell division that produces four haploid cells
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meiosis
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type of cell that lacks membrane bound organelles
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prokaryote
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motor protein that is involved in muscle movement
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myosin
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organelle that consists of membranous sacs
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endoplasmic reticulum
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process by which a cell engulfs large particles
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endocytosis
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type of cell division that produces two diploid cells
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mitosis
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structure that is responsible for making proteins
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ribosome
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stomach of cell consisting of a sac of hydrolytic enzymes
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lysosome
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the 2 types of microscopes
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Light and electron
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the 2 types of electron microscopes
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scanning (SM) and Transmission (TEM)
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how does a light microscope work?
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visible light passes thru specimen and then glass lenses
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what is an electron microscope used for?
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subcellular structures
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how does a scanning EM work?
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focuses a beam of electrons onto surface of specimen; 3D surface shot
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how does a transmission EM work?
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focus beam of electrons through the specimen; cross section (side view)
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measure of clarity in an image
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resolution
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visible differences in parts of samples
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contrast
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4 features of all cells
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plasma/cell membrane
Cytoplasm DNA ribosomes |
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What is the main function of the nucleus?
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holds all the genes of the cell
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the 2 types of microscopes
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Light and electron
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the 2 types of electron microscopes
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scanning (SM) and Transmission (TEM)
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how does a light microscope work?
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visible light passes thru specimen and then glass lenses
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what is an electron microscope used for?
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subcellular structures
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how does a scanning EM work?
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focuses a beam of electrons onto surface of specimen; 3D surface shot
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how does a transmission EM work?
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focus beam of electrons through the specimen; cross section (side view)
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measure of clarity in an image
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resolution
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visible differences in parts of samples
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contrast
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4 features of all cells
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plasma/cell membrane
Cytoplasm DNA ribosomes |
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What is the main function of the nucleus?
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holds all the genes of the cell
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double membrane enclosing nucleus. what is the membrane made of?
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nuclear envelope; 2 lipid biolayers
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condensed chromatin
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chromosomes
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DNA+histones=
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chromatin
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located in nucleus; makes ribosomal RNA
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nucleolus
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How is a ribosome formed?
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when proteins combine with rRNA and they leave into the cytoplasm
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Where are ribosomes located?
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outside the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope
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the process of RNA being made
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transcription
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process of ribosomes reading RNA and making proteins
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translation
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What are the 6 members of the endomembrane system?
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nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum golgi apparatus lysosomes vacuoles plasma membrane |
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how does the endomembrane system work?
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the components are attached or connected via transfer by vesicles
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what are the two types of ER?
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smooth and rough
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what are the 3 functions of smooth ER?
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synthesize lipids (sex hormones and steroids)
metabolize carbs detoxify poisons (clean liver) |
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which type of ER has ribosomes?
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rough
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What are the 3 functions of rough ER?
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makes glycoproteins (sugar+carb)
distributes transport vesicles makes phospholipids (membrane factory) |
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What are the golgis 2 faces?
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Cis and trans
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what is the function of the cis face?
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receiving
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what is the function of the trans face?
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transporting
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what is a lysosome made of?
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hydrolytic enzymes (enzymes that perform hydrolosis)
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what does the lysosome hydrolyze?
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proteins, fats, carbs, and nucleic acids
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what is phagocytosis?
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cellular eating. when a cell engulfs another particle and forms a food vacuole
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What is the main function of the golgi aparatus?
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center of manufacturing, warehouse, sorting, and shipping
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what is autophagy?
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when the lysosome digests and recycles its OWN organelles and macromolecules
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what are the 3 types of vacuoles?
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food, contractile, and central
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what is the food vacuole made by?
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phagocytosis
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what does the contractile vacuole do?
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pumps water out of the cell and maintains the nutrient and ion concentration
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what is a central vacuole?
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it is the large vacuole in a plant cell
where hydrolosis takes place is plants and fungi stockpiles proteins waste dump site contains poisons for defense attract pollinators |
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What is the main function of the golgi aparatus?
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center of manufacturing, warehouse, sorting, and shipping
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what is autophagy?
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when the lysosome digests and recycles its OWN organelles and macromolecules
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what are the 3 types of vacuoles?
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food, contractile, and central
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what is the food vacuole made by?
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phagocytosis
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what does the contractile vacuole do?
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pumps water out of the cell and maintains the nutrient and ion concentration
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what is a central vacuole?
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it is the large vacuole in a plant cell
where hydrolosis takes place is plants and fungi stockpiles proteins waste dump site contains poisons for defense attract pollinators |
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what are the two types of microscopes?
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Light microscope
electron microscope -SEM- 3D -TEM- side view |
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what is the ratio of object's image size to real size?
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magnification
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what is the clarity of an image?
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resolution
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what is the visible differences between samples?
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contrast
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what type of cell has membrane bound organelles and a membrane separating the nucleus?
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eukaryote
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what type of cell does NOT have membrane bound organelles and does not have a nucleus?
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prokaryote
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what is the function of the nucleus?
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to store DNA
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what is the function of the nuclear envelope?
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encloses and protects the nucleus; regulates what comes in and out
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describe the nuclear envelope
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double membrane of 2 lipid bilayers enclosing the nucleus
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what are chromosomes?
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condensed Chromatin
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what is chromatin?
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DNA+ histones (proteins)
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What is the function and description of the nucleolus?
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located in the nucleus; makes rRNA
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what is a haploid?
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one chromosome set
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what is a diploid?
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two chromosome sets
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what is mitosis?
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cellular division in which one diploid divides into 2 diploids
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what is meiosis?
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celular division in which one diploid cell divides into 4 haploid cells
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how is a ribosome formed?
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a ribosome is formed when rRNA enters the cytoplasm and bonds with a protein
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what is a ribosome made of?
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rRNA and protein
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where are ribosomes located?
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cytoplasm
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What is the purpose of osmosis?
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to maintain the water balance
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which solution occurs when the cell swells until the wall opposes uptake and the cell is turgid? and what is it like in an animal cell?
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Hypotonic; lysed
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which solution occurs when there is no water movement and the cell becomes limp (wilts)? and what is it like in an animal cell?
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isotonic; normal
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which solution occurs when the cell loses water and the membrane may pull away from the cell wall? (phagocytosis) and what is it like in the animal cell?
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hypertonic; shrink
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what is facilitated diffusion?
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passive transport with the help of transport proteins that speeds up molecule movement across membrane
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what is facilitated water diffusion?
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aquaporin
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what is it called when ions move down the gradient?
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ion channel
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What is tonicity?
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the ability of a solution to cause cell to gain or lose water
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Which solution makes the solute concentration stay the same as inside the cell?
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isotonic
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Which solution makes the solute concentration greater than inside the cell?
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hypertonic
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which solution makes the solute concentration less than the inside of the cell?
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hypotonic
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what does lyse mean?
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shred
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what does turgid mean?
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firm
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what does flaccid mean?
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limp
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what is plasmolysis?
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ripping away from the cell wall
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what is the membrane potential?
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the voltage difference across the membrane created by the distribution of cation and anions
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what voltage is the cytoplasm?
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negative
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what is the electrochemical gradient and what two forces drive it?
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ion diffusion driven by chemical (conc. gradient) and electrical (effect of mem. poten. on ions movement) force
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what are the 2 electrogenic pumps and how do they work?
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Na-K pump- used for active transport in the animal cell
Proton pump- used in plant, fungi cells |
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what is a ligand?
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any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule
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what makes up the cell membrane? (most abundant lipid in the membrane)
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phospholipids
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describe fluidity in membrane
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-PLs can move within biolayer
-most lipids and some proteins drift laterally -molecules DONT flip flop |
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how does temp affect fluidity?
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cold=solid
temp depends on lipid types membranes MUST be liquid |
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what is cholesterol's roll in fluidity?
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temperature buffer
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proteins that bound to surface of membrane
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peripheral protein
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protein which penetrates the hydrophobic core
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integral protein
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membrane carbs+lipids
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glycolipid
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membrane carbs+proteins
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glycoproteins
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transport protein which is facilitated by aquaporin and moves the ions through a tunnel or channel
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channel proteins
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Transport protein which bind to molecules and change the shape in order to shuttle them across the membrane
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carrier proteins
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tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into available space
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diffusion
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difference in concentration of a substance from one are to another
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concentration gradient
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substances tend to diffuse down their gradient
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passive diffusion
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diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
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osmosis
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process of exiting a cell
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exocytosis
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cellular eating
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phagocytosis
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cellular drinking
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pinocytosis
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binding of ligand to receptor triggers vesicle formation
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receptor-mediated endocytosis
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