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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 characteristics of an animal
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animals eat other organisms
animals move animals are multicellular |
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do animals have a common ancestor
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an ancesral protist.. a free liviving unicellular organism resembling a sperm in size and shape
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4 questions asked classifying animals
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does the animal have specialized cells that form defined tissues?
does the animal develop with radial symmetry or bilateral symmetry? does growth occur by molting or by adding continuously to the skeletal elements during development, does the animal's gut develop from front back to front |
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radial symmetry
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animals with a body structured like a pie, such as jelly fish, corals, and sea anemones
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bilateral symmetry
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left and right sides that are mirror images
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protostomes
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mouth first, the opening that forms becomes the mouth of the adult animal, and the last opening becomes the anus
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deuterostomes
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mouth second, gut develops from back to front
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extant
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meaning that a species currently exists
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of the 36 animal phyla, there are 9 specific ones, that represent what percent of all animal species
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99 percent
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invertebrates
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organisms that have no backbones
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vertebrates
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organisms that have backbones
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exoskeleton
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a rigid structure covering in invertebrates, such as arthropods
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what percent of all animal SPECIES are invertebrates
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95%
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characteristics of sponges
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no tissue or organs
body consists of a hollow tube with pores in its wall feed by pumping in water, along with bacteria, algae, and small particles of organic material, through their pores free swimming larvae sessile as adults |
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how many species of sponges are there
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5000
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how do sponges reproduce
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sexually by producing eggs and sperm
and asexually by budding ... fertilized eggs grow into free swimming larvae that settle and develop into sessile filter feeding adult sponges |
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cnidarians
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radially symmetrical
tentacles armed with rows of stinging cells, used to paralyze prey ie: jelly fish, sea anemones, corals two different body s |
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two different body structures for cnidarians
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polyp- some individuals start as medusa and end as polyps
medusa |
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what do cnidarians eat
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they are carnivores
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corals
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use tentacles to catch small fish and plankton, which are directed into the mouth by the tentacles, then digested in the stomach
reproduce sexually and asexually |
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sea anemones
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resemble flowers in polyp form
have a larval stage that swims freely then settle on a rock and metamorphoses into the adult form |
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flatworms
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well defined head and tail regions
hermaphroditic and can engage in both seal and asexual reproduction some have a single opening in th ebody which serves as a mouth and an anus ie: tapeworms, flukes |
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roundwarms
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long, narrow unsegmented body
bilaterally symmetrical surrounded by a strong , flexible cuticle more than 90000 species must molt in over to grow larger |
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filariae
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tiny parasitic roundworms, responsible for several tropical diseases
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segmented worms
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segmented worms, or annelids,
about 13000 species |
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polychaetes
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marine worms living on the seafloor, meaning many bristles
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earthworms b
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belong to the group called oligochaetes, most abundant and common worm
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gastropods
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snails and slugs are gastropod mollusks, belly foot
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mollusks
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most have a shell that protects the soft body
mantle (tissue that forms the shell) radula (sandpaper-like tongue structure used during feeding) found in all mollusks except bivalves |
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groups of cephalopods
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squids, octopus, and nautiluses
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can intelligence be defined for animals
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no, animals have evolved in response to the selective forces at work in their own particular niches
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4 major lineages of arthropods
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arachnids
crustaceans millipedes and centipedes insects |
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arthropods
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segmented body with a distinct head, thorax, and abdomen
exoskeleton made of chitin jointed appendages |
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stages of metamorphosis
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what an egg hatches into- larva
larva encloses itself in a case, body structures are broken down, and new structures are assembled into the adult form adult- emerges ferom pupa and no longer grows, primary function is to reproduce |
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incomplete metamorphosis
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an egg hatches into a nymph resembling a small version of the adult, growing as it molts several times
adult upon reaching adult size the nymph stops molting and the adult forms |
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groups of arthropods
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insects
millipedes and centipedes archnids- crustaceans- many pairs of legs, usually five pairs of appendages that extend from the head mostly aquatic |
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arachnids
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arachnids- usually four pairs of walking legs, legs are located on the thorax
specialized mouthparts predaors |
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millipedes and centipedes
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many pairs of legs
long segmented body |
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insects
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3 pairs of walking legs
legs are located on the thorax life cycle consists of separate life stages f |
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echinoderms
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hard skeleton under spiny skin
larvae are bilaterally symmetrical adults are radially symmetrical undersides are covered with tube feet that aid in locomotion and grasping |
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notochord
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rod of tissue extending from head to tail, is the structure that gives chordates their name
axial support structure longitudinal, flexible rod between tube and nerve cord more complex in vertebrates |
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dorsal hollow nerve cord
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extends along the animal's back from its head to its tail
nerve cord eventually forms the central nervous system |
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pharyngeal slits
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present in the embryos of all chordates
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post anal tail
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back end of the digestive system is the anus
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tunicates
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invertebrates marine animals that have defined tissues, bilateral symmetry and deuterostomes, from back to front gut development
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lancelets
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slender eel like invertebrates
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chordates
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all chordates possess four common body structures notochord
dorsal hollow nerve cord pharyngeal slits post anal tail |
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how do vertebrates offer from the other chordates
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have a backbone, formed when a column made from hollow bones, called vertebrae, forms around the notochord, backbone surrounds and protects the dorsal hollow nerve cord
have a head at the front end of the organism, containing a skull, brain, and sensory organs |
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evolution of jaws and fins
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fishes without jaws or fins, tail propels organism through water
feed by attaching oral disk to prey |
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cartilaginous fishes
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skeleton made completely of cartilage... 880 species
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ray finned fishes
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have a rigid skeleton made from bone
fins lined with hardened rays possess a swim bladder which aids in flotation about 27000 species... including about everything we think of as fish |
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lobe finned fishes
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characterized by two pairs of sturdy fins on the underside of their body
6 species of lungfish and 2 species of coelacanths |
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3 obstacles for vertebrates moving from water to land
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respiration- which was solved as gas exchange was transferred from gills to lungs, which evolved rom the swim bladder found in ray finned fishes
gravity- limbs and modified vertebrae evolve egg desiccation- amniotic egg, terrestrial animals developed a water proof eggshell, which prevents eggs from drying out before they hatch |
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amphibian life cycle
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non amniotic eggs,
juvenile- amphibians spend their juvenile stager adultsa |
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reptiles
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skin is covered in scales
body temp is controlled by external conditions, such as air temp include snakes and lizards, turtles, crocs, and tuatara |
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birds
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skin is covered in feathers, enabling flight and insulation
body temp is maintained by heat generated from cellular respiration endotherms- use heat produced by cellular respiration to reaise their body temp above air temp |
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ecotherms
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bask in the sun to raise their body temp and seek the shade when the air is too warm
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two features in common, of early mammals that are present in mammals today
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hair and mammary glands
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two major changes in body structure that led to endothermy in early mammals
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longer legs - increased rate of cellular respiration, and allowed them to become more mobile
evolution of hair allowed mammals to trap heat generated by cellular respiration and use it for temp regulation |
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3 different groups of mammals
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montremes
marsupials placental mammals |
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monotremes
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females lay eggs
females produce milk , but don't have nipples, milk is sucked from hairs on chest 5 species survive- platypus, and 4 others called echidnas |
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marsupials
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females give birth after a short period of development
most have a pouch about 300 species, including kangaroos, koalas, wallabies, and possums |
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placental mammals
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females have a placenta that provides oxygen and nutrients to embryos in the uterus
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viviparity
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giving birth to babies, rather than laying eggs
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how similar are chimpanzee genes to human ones
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differ by about 1%
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3 major differences between humans and chimps
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humans are bipedal, chimps usually walk on four legs, and have a brain about 3x the size of a chimps, humans are bigger, and happened in that order
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the jist of evolution of humans
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evolved in africa 200k to 100k years ago, all descended from evolutionary radiation
100k years ago small group moved out of africeaand eventually populated europe and the americas... 3 other species of humans at the time became extinct between 30000 and 12000 years ago |
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the benefits of a head
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allows early craniates to be active predators
craniates have organ systems transitional craniate found from cambrian explosion: well formed brain, eyes, but no skull second transitional: skull made of cartilage |
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what happened when craniates branched from vertebrates
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duplication of transcription factor genes- called Dix famiy= more genetic complexity
vertebrates have an endoskeleton - compared to an exoskeleton m j |
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major vertebrate groups
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jawless fishes
jawed fishes amphibians reptiles and birds mammals |
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the hagfish
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least derived craniate
no backbone, no jaws mostly scavenges on sea bottom can produce buckets of slime in seconds |
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gnathostomes
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=jawed vertebrates, or gnathostomes, outnumber jawless vertebrates
sharks, ray finned fishes, lobe finned fishes, amphibians |
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evolution of jaws and benefits
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paired fins appeared with jaws
provide good control and maneuverability - important for active predators |
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gnashosomes... first organisms with an adaptive immune system
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adaptive selective and specific memory regulated
evolution of immunoglobulin genes and immunoreceptor- bearing lymphocytes |
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chondrichthyans
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have a skeleton composed primarily of cartilage
sharks have a streamlined body and are swift swimmers, fusiform bodies |
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oviparous
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eggs hatch outside the mother's body
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ovoviviparous
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embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished by the egg yolk
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viviparous
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embryo develops within the uterus and is nourished through a yolk sac placenta from the mother's blood
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