Bio Chapter 10

Front 1

Excretory System

Back 1

Regulates blood pressure, blood osmolarity, acid-base balance, and removal of nitrogenous wastes products

Front 2

Role of Kidneys

Back 2

Filter blood by producing urine

Front 3

Parts of the Kidney

Back 3

Cortex (outer layer), medulla (middle layer) and center renal pelvis (center layer)

Front 4

Medulla

Back 4

Middle part of the kidney that is very salty (high concentration of salt ions)

Front 5

Kidney Portal Systems

Back 5

Blood flows from the renal artery into afferent arterioles to form the glomeruli inside the Bowman’s Capsule (first capillary bed) Blood then leaves from the efferent arterioles to the vasa recta surrounded by the nephron (second capillary bed) leaving kidney through renal vein

Front 6

Kidney Solute Movement

Back 6

Filtration, secretion, and reabsorption

Front 7

Filtration

Back 7

The movement of solutes from the blood to the filtrate at Bowman’s capsule Rate of filtration determined by Starling forces

Front 8

Starling forces

Back 8

The hydrostatic and oncotic pressure differentials between the glomerulus and Bowman’s space

Front 9

Secretion

Back 9

The movement of solutes from the blood to filtrate anywhere other than Bowman’s capsule

Front 10

Reabsorption

Back 10

The movement of solutes from the filtrate into the blood

Front 11

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)

Back 11

Site of bulk reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, soluble vitamins, salt and water Site of secretion of hydrogen ions, potassium ions, ammonia, and urea

Front 12

Descending Limb of the Loop of Henle

Back 12

Permeable to water but not salt causing water to be reabsorbed from the filtrate as it descends into the highly “salty” medulla

Front 13

Countercurrent Multiplier System

Back 13

The maximal reabsorption of water due to the fact that the vasa recta and nephron flow in opposite directions as the filtrate in the loop of Henle

Front 14

Ascending Limb of the Loop of Henle

Back 14

Permeable to salt but not water allowing salt to be reabsorbed both passively (inner medulla) and actively (outer medulla)

Front 15

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Back 15

Site of salt reabsorption and waste product excretion (DUMP the HUNK: H+, urea, NH3, K+)

Front 16

Collecting Duct

Back 16

Variable permeability and responsive to both aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone allowing reabsorption of the right amount of water depending on the body’s needs

Front 17

Low Blood Pressure Kidney Responses

Back 17

Aldosterone: increases sodium and water reabsorption in the DCT and collecting duct, increasing blood volume but not changing osmolarity Antidiuretic Hormone: increases permeability of collecting duct to water increasing water reabsorption resulting in increased blood volume and decreased osmolarity

Front 18

Aldosterone

Back 18

Steroid hormone regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Front 19

Antidiuretic Hormone

Back 19

ADH or vasopressin Peptide hormone synthesized by the hypothalamys and released by the posterior pituitary

Front 20

Kidney pH Moderating

Back 20

When pH is too low, the kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions and increase reabsorption of bicarbonate into the blood When pH is too high, the kidneys can excrete more bicarbonate and increase reabsorption of hydrogen ions

Front 21

Skin Major Layers

Back 21

Hypodermis, dermis, and epidermis

Front 22

Epidermis Layers

Back 22

All called stratum: corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale (superficial to deep)

Front 23

Stratum Basale

Back 23

Contains stem cells that proliferate to form keratinocytes

Front 24

Keratinocytes

Back 24

Produce keratin to resist damage and protect

Front 25

Stratum Granulosum

Back 25

Where the keratinocytes nuclei are lost

Front 26

Stratum Corneum

Back 26

Most superficial layer with many thin layers to serve as barriers to invasions by pathogens and prevent loss of fluid and salt

Front 27

Cells of the Epidermis

Back 27

Keratinocytes, melanocytes, and Langerhans cells

Front 28

Melanocytes

Back 28

Produce melanin which protects the skin from DNA damage caused by ultraviolet radiation (sun)

Front 29

Langerhans Cells

Back 29

Special macrophages that serve as antigen-presenting cells in the skin

Front 30

Dermis

Back 30

Two layers: loose papillary layer and more dense reticular layer

Front 31

Sensory Cells in the Dermis

Back 31

Merkel cells (deep pressure and texture), free nerve endings (pain), Meissner’s corpuscles (light touch), Ruffini endings (stretch), and Pacinian corpuscles (deep pressure and vibration)

Front 32

Hypodermis

Back 32

Contains fat and connective tissue to connect the skin to the rest of the body

Front 33

Role of Skin

Back 33

Thermoregulation, protection, and prevention of dehydration and salt loss from the body

Front 34

Thermoregulation Mechanisms

Back 34

Sweating, vasodilation, piloerection, vasoconstriction, shivering, and insulation (from body fat)

Front 35

Sweating

Back 35

Heat is absorbed from the body through evaporation of water from sweat

Front 36

Piloerection

Back 36

Arrector pili muscles contract raising hair on body thus trapping a layer of heated air around the skin