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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cranial Capacities
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A measurement of the interior volume of the brain case measured in cubic centimeters and used as an approximate estimate of brian size.
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Pliocene Epoch
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The fifth epoch of the Cenozoic Era dating from 5.3 mya to 1.8 mya. Numerous species of hominins evolved ruing the Pliocene including the first of the Homo
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Pleistocene Epoch
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The sixth epoch of the Cenozoic Era dating from (1.8mya- 10,000) several species of the genus Homo evolved during this time including Homo Sapiens
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Sahelathropus Tchadensis
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An early possible hominin species from Africa dating (6-7mya) that has a number of hominin dental traits and may have been bipedal
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Foramen Magnum
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The large opening at the base of the skull where the spinal cord enters. This opening is located more toward the center of the skull in hominins who are bipedal so the skulls sits atop the spine.
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Orrorin tugenesis
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An early primitive hominin species from Africa dating to the late Miocene (6 Ma)
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Ardipithecus Ramidus
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An early primitive hominin species from Africa (5.8-4.4 mya) thin dental enamel, large incisors,
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Ardipithecus Kadabba
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An early primitive hominin from Africa with very ape like teeth (5.8-5.2 mya)
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Australopithecus
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A genus of fossil hominin that lived (4.2-1 mya) it was a biped, small brain, large face and teeth
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A. anamensis
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(4.2-3.9 mya) biped but with apelike skull and teeth
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A. Afarensis
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A primitive hominin found in East Africa dating between 3.7-3.0 mya
-found by Donald Johnason in 1970s Lucy |
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Kenyanthropus Platyops
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A species of early hominin in East Africa, dating from 3.5-3.2 mya. This species combines a number of primitive features (small brain, jutting face) and derived features (small molars, flat face) it's evolutionary status is unclear
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The robust Australopiths
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Very large back teeth, cheekbones, and faces, among other anatomical adaptations to chewing. (2.5-1.4 mya)
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Zygomatic Arch
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The cheekbone, formed by the connection of the zygomatic and temporal bones on the side of the skull.
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Sagittal Crest
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A ridge of bone running down the center of the top of the skull that serves to anchor chewing muscles
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Australopithecus Aethiopicus
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The oldest robust A. dating from ( 2.5 mya) in East Africa. It combines derived features as seen in other robust australopiths with primitive features
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A. robustus
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Found in South Africa, ( 2-1.4 mya). Diverse diet of fruit, nuts. Possibly could have used tools
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A. Africanus
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(3.3-2.5 mya) not as massive as the robust but could be an ancestor of the genus Homo. Have no diastma, some postorbital constriction
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A. Garhi
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2.5 mya, in East Africa, it differs from other australopiths in having large front and back teeth are not specialized to the same extent as found in the robust
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When did Homo erectus appear? And where? Where did it go?
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1.8 mya, originated in Africa but then spread to Indonesia, China, and Euro. Used fire to keep warm
-Brain size was about 3/4th the size of modern humans |
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Homo Habilis
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Appeared 2.5-1.5 mya, larger brain, smaller teeth, used stone tools, found in Kenya, S Africa, and Tanzania.
-stone tools found by Mary Leakey in 1930s by Olduvai Gorge |
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What are homo habilis characteristics?
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- Relatively long arms
-large range, is being used to argue for two species being LUMPED together, or for extreme sexual dimorphism -Oldowan tradition - Probably a scavenger |
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Tool Use Model
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Predicts that four major hominid characteristics evolved at the same time: predicts gradual change in these four characters from large canines, small brains, no bipedalism, no tools----> to the opposite except small canines
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Problem with Tool Use Model
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Bipedalism arose first, over tool use and increase in brain size
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Lovejoy Model
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1981- Argued that bipedalism allows for more efficient transport of babies, and this led to increased fitness.
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What are some problems with Lovejoy's model?
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Sexual behavior leaves no fossil evidence, social structure is also hard to discern, can't prove overlapping birth, monogamy is relatively rare
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Radiator Theory
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-Heat stress may constrain brain growth
-large brains give off a lot of heat, not good in hot climates |
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Foramina
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openings in the skull, that allowed for better circulation in the skull
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