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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Photosynthesis
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The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use the energy of sunlight to create from carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H20) the more complicated molecules that make up living organisms.
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Thylakoids
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A flattened, saclike membrane in the chloroplast of a eukaryote. They are stacked on top of one another in arrangements called grana and are the sites of photosystem reactions.
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Grana
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Columns of thylakoids that are stacked on top of one another.
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Photosystem
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Within each pigment cluster, the chlorophyll molecules are arranged in a network called this.
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Light-Dependent Reactions
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The first two stages of photosynthesis take place only in the presence of light and together are traditionally called this.
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Light-Independent Reactions
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Doesn't require light directly.
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Calvin Cycle
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The formation of organic molecules like glucose from atmospheric CO2.
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Photons
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The unit of light energy.
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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The full range of photons containing sunlight.
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Pigments
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A molecule that absorbs light.
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Photosystem
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The complex of proteins and pigment molecules makes up this system.
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Atenna Complex
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Captures energy from a photon and funnels it to a reaction center, which responds by giving up an excited electron to a primary electron acceptor in the electron transport system.
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Electron Transport
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A collective term describing the series of membrane-associated electron carriers embedded in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. It puts the electrons harvested from water molecules and energized by photons of light to work driving proton-pumping channels.
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Chemiosmosis
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The cellular process responsible for almost all of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) harvested from food and for all the ATP produced by photosynthesis.
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ATP Synthase
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The membrane protein protruding like a knob out of the external surface of the thylakoid membrane; as protons pass out the thylakoid through this channel, a phosphate group is added onto ADP to form ATP in a process called phosphorylation.
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Calvin Cycle
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The actual assembly of new molecules employes a complex battery of enzymes in this.
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C3 photosynthesis
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The first molecule produced in the process is a three-carbon molecule.
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Carbon Fixation
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In any one turn of the cycle, a carbon atom from carbon dioxide molecule is first added to a five-carbon sugar, producing two three-carbon sugars; it attaches a carbon atom that was in a gas to an organic molecule.
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Stomata
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A specialized opening in the leaves of some plants that allows carbon dioxide to pass into the plant body and allows water vapor and oxygen to pass out of them.
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Photorespiration
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A process in which carbon dioxide is released without the production of ATP or NADPH. Because it produces neither ATP not NADPH, this acts to undo the work of photosynthesis.
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C4 Photosynthesis
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Plants that are able to adapt to climates with higher tempertures; plants such as sugarcane, corn, and many grasses are able to fix carbon using different types of cells and chemical reactions within their leaves, thereby avoiding this reduction in photosynthesis due to higher temperatures.
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Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM)
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Used to decrease photorespiration and is used by many succulent (water-storing) plants such as cacti and pineapples; these plants open their stomata and fix CO2 into organic compounds during the night when its cooler, and then close the stomata during the day.
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