Bio Chap 34

Front 1

be able to name and describe the four synapomorphic characters of chordates

Back 1

(notochord)- is a longitudinal, flexible rod located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord, provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of a chordate, provides structure against which muscles can work
(Dorsal/hollow nerve cord)- develops from a plate of ectoderm that rolls into a tube located dorsal to the notochord, develops into the central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord
(pharyngeal slits or clefts)- clefts develop into slits that open to the outside of the body/slits allows water entering the mouth to exit the body without passing through the entire digestive tract and function as suspension feeding devices in many invertebrate chordates
(muscular post anal tail)- tail extends posterior to the anus, although in many species it is greatly reduced during embryonic development, tail contains skeletal elements and muscles

Front 2

for EACH of the clades of chordates be able to name their diagnostic characteristics

Back 2

Cephalochordata-(lancelets)- develop notochord, dorsal, hollow nerve cord, numerous pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.
Tunicates- tail muscles,notochord, radical metamorphosis, 9 hox genes
Myxini-(hagfishes)-have a skull made of cartilage but they lack jaws and vertebrae,notochord, small brain, eyes, ears and nasal opening
Petromyzontida- parasites that feed by clamping their round jawless mouth on their prey, skeleton is made of cartilage but contains no collagen,notochord that has a cartilagious pipe surrounding it
Chondrichthyans-(sharks,rays)-skeleton composed of pre dominantly of cartilage, teeth, gills, tail fins, produces eggs

Front 3

know where key evolutionary innovations arose in the phylogeny of chordates

Back 3

Chordates have a notochord and dorsal, hollow nerve cord(Cephalochordata,tunicates) . Craniates are chordates that have a head(Myxini). vertebrates are craniates that have a backbone(petromyzontida), Gnathostomes are vertebrates that have jaws(chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, actinistia, dipnoi), tetrapods are gnathostomes that have limbs (amphibians). amniotes are tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg(reptilia) . Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk(mammalia). Humans are mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion.

Front 4

know that key evoluntionary innovations within the chordate are often associated with increases in the number of hox gene clusters or other genes that are important in development

Back 4

hox genes control the development of major regions of the verterbrate brain. these gens are expressed in the same anterior to posterior order in lancelets and vertebrates.

Front 5

be able to explain the selective pressures that led to movement of vertebrates onto land

Back 5

the third lineage of lobe-fishes gave way to tetrapods, gave them limbs that can support their weight on land and feet which provides transportation for them,

Front 6

be able to describe the structure of an amniotic egg

Back 6

contains: (allantois)-a disposal sac for certain metabolic wastes produced by the embryo, also functions wth the chorion as a respiratory organ. (ammion)- protects the embryo in a fluid-filled cavity that cushions against mechanical shock (chorion)-exchange gases between the embryo and the air (Yolk sac)- contains yolk, blood vessels in the yolk sac transport nutrients from the yolk into the embryo DRAW OUT

Front 7

be able to discuss major trends in hominin evolution

Back 7

Diet- In addition to forcing changes in locomotion that led to walking upright, the increasingly dry climate of east Africa over the last six million years forced changes in the diet of early hominins from the soft fruits of the tropical rain forest to the increasingly fibrous and tough foods available in open habitats.
Cultural evolution- using stone tools to modifying them to spears to wooden hammers to wooden javelins, most tools were used for retreving game,
Language and speech- many species didnt have a full developed brain that helped with speech, so instead used language such as facial musculature, breathing control, and brain specialization would suggest a lengthy
development before the advent of modern humans

Front 8

for each clade continued

Back 8

Actinopterygii,actinistia,dipnoi-(ray finned fishes and lobe fins)- ossified(bony) endoskeleton, protective bony flap(operculum), flattened bony scales, rod-shaped bones surrounded by a thick layer of muscle in their pectoral pelvic fins
Amphibia-(frogs,salamanders) poisonous skin glands, some have gills, some have legs, lay eggs/house eggs on themselves (amniotic egg),
Reptiles-(snakes, lizards, birds)- scales that contain protein keratin, lay their eggs on land, dont use metabolism extensively to control body temperature "cold blooded" absorb external heat, wings,