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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cell cycle-
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the life of a cell from the time it is first formed form a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells
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genome
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cell's encowment of DNA, its genetic information.
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somatic cells
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all body cells except the reproductive cells (46 chromosomes, two sets of 23, one set inherited from each parent)
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gametes
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reproductive cells, sperm cells or egg cells (have half as many as somatic, one set of 23 chromosomes)
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Chromatin
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a complex of DNA and associated protein molecules, which help maintain the structure of the chromosome and help control the activity of the genes
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centromere
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narrow "waist" connecting the two chromatids
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zygote
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fertilized egg
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gonads
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r ovaries or testes. is the only plase meiosis occurs
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mitotic spindle
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begins to form in the cytoplasm during prohphase
-the structure consists of fibers made of microtubules and associated proteins -while it assembles, the other microtubules of they cytoskeleton partially disassemble, probably giving its material tothe mitotic spindle -elongates by getting more protein tubulin |
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centrosome
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-nonmembrananous organelle that functions throughout the cell cyle to organize the cell's microtubules
-microtubule organizing center -replicates during interphase -movves apart during prohphase and prometaphase as spindles grow out from them -prometaphase-aster, radial array of short microtubules, extends from each centrosome |
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kinetochore
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each of 2 sister chromatids has it.
-a structure of proteins associated w/ specific sections of chrmosomal DNA at the centromere |
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cytokineses in animals
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furrow is a contractile ring of actin microfilaments w/ protein mysoin, which interact, causing ring to contract, deepining the cleave furrow-->2 cells
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cytokinesis in plants
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telophase-vesicles from golgi apparatus move along microtubules to middle of cell, where they group and produce a cell plate
-increased vesicles-->increased cell wall material collecte din the cell plate-->cell plate grows and when fuses w/ plasma membrane, then 2 cells |
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binary fusion
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-by prokaryiotes
-"division in half" -DNA replicates at a specific place on the chromosome, called origin of replication, producing two origins. as chromosome continues to replicate, one origin moves rapidly toward oppisite end of the cell-->elongating the cell -when replication is complete, and the bacterium is 2x initial size, its plasma membrane grows inward-->2 daughter cells |
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the longest stage of mitosis
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metaphase
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shortest stage of mitosis
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anaphase
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when is the spindle complete in mitosis
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metaphase
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when does cell start elongagting during mitosis
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anaphase
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cell cycle control system
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-a cyclically operating set of molecules in the cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle
-proceeds on its own, driven by a built-in clock. but also regulated at certain checpoints by both internal and external controls -k checkpoints at G1, G2, M -G1 signal is most important since it leads to completing the S, G2, and M phases to divide. but if cell doesn't get go-ahead signal at G1 then it will exit cycle, switching into a nondivinding state called G0 phase. -most cells in body in G0 phase |
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kinases
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-a protein
-an enzyme that activates or inactivates other proteins by phosphorylating them. -gives go-ahead signals at G1 and G2 checkpoints -inases have constand cconcentration -to be active they need to be attached to a cyclin, a protein that is cyclically fluctuating concentration in the cell -cause of dependency, kinases r called cyclin-dependent kinases, Cdks |
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growth factor
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is a protein released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide
-protein that promotes mitosis is sometimes called a mitogen -ex growth factor is platelet-derived grwoth factor, heals wounds by singling cells to divide and create new cells |
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density-dependent inhibition
and anchorage dependence |
-phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing, cause of lack of nutients
-cells may also have anchorage dependence, where to divide they must be attached to a substratum -benign tumors stay in one spot and can be surgically removed. malignant spreads and may be deadly |
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cancer cells
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do not exhibit anchorage dependence or density-dependent inhibition
-cancer problem starts when a sincle cell in a tissue undergoes transformation, the process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell -metastasis, spread of cancer cells to locations distinct from their original cite -cancer cells may travel through lymph vessel or blood vessel |
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to pass though G2 to M phase need___
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enuf MPF
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heredity
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transmission of traits from one generation to the next
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genetics
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scientific study of heredity and hereditary variation
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fertilization
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fusion of sperm and egg
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genes
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hereditary units, coded information
-the tens of thousands of genes from our moms and dads consitute our genome -genes tell what traits to produce in baby, ex freckles -they program cells to synthesize specific enzymes and other proteins whose cumulative action produces an organism's inherited traits |
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locus
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a gene's specific location along the length of a chromosome
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asexual reproduction
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-single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to its offsrping.
-ex. single-celled eukaryotic organism by mitotic cell divsion; hydra by budding -produces a clone, group of genetically idential individuals -variation is caused by mutation -is by mitosis |
