Bio Ch.8

Front 1

Ana-

Back 1

Up

Front 2

Cata-

Back 2

Down

Front 3

Endo-

Back 3

Within

Front 4

Ex-

Back 4

out

Front 5

Kinet-

Back 5

movement

Front 6

Activation Energy

Back 6

Theamount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction willstart

Front 7

Active Site

Back 7

the specific portion of an enzyme that attaches to thesubstrate by means of weak chemical bonds.

Front 8

Anabolic Pathway

Back 8

A metabolic pathway that synthesizes a complex molecule fromsimpler compounds.

Front 9

Catabolic Pathway

Back 9

Ametabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules tosimpler compounds

Front 10

Catalyst

Back 10

Achemical agent that changes the rate of a reaction without being consumed bythe reaction.

Front 11

Chemical Energy

Back 11

Energystored in the chemical bonds of molecules; a form of potential energy.

Front 12

Energy

Back 12

The capacity to do work (to move matter against an opposingforce)

Front 13

Enzyme

Back 13

A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent thatchanges the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

Front 14

Enzyme-Substrate complex

Back 14

Atemporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).

Front 15

Heat

Back 15

Thetotal amount of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a body of matter.Heat is energy in its most random form

Front 16

Kinetic Energy

Back 16

The energy of motion

Front 17

Metabolicpathway

Back 17

A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complexmolecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks down a complex molecule into simplercompounds (catabolic pathway).

Front 18

Metabolism

Back 18

Thetotality of an organism’s chemical reactions, consisting of catabolic andanabolic pathways.

Front 19

Potentialenergy

Back 19

Theenergy stored by matter as a result of its location or spatial arrangement.

Front 20

Substrate

Back 20

Thereactant on which an enzyme works.

Front 21

What makes up our metabolism?

Back 21

The cell has countless chemical reactionsoccurring at all times, these reactions make up our metabolism.

Front 22

All chemical reactions involve the breaking of initial bonds between atoms in ___________ ___________ and the forming of new bonds with the same atoms in different arrangements to make _______________ ________________.

Back 22

1) Reactant Molecules

2) Product Molecules

Front 23

Cell respiration is a/an ____________ pathway

Back 23

Catabolic

Front 24

Photosynthesis is a/an ___________ pathway

Back 24

Anabolic

Front 25

Enzymes are catalytic proteins which means:

Back 25

they have all the properties of proteins butserve specifically as catalysts for chemical reactions so they help chemicalreactions occur without being used up in the reactions themselves.

This means the atoms in an enzyme are notincorporated into the products of the reactions and that a given enzyme can beused over and over.

Front 26

Why/How do enzymes allow reactions to occur easier?

Back 26

They lower the amount of activation energy neededfor reactant molecules’ bonds to be broken.

Front 27

Typical enzyme naes can end in:

Back 27

"-ase"

(but not ALL)

Front 28

Areactant in an enzymatically controlled reaction is called a

Back 28

Substrate

(each enzyme has a match with a particular substrate)

Front 29

Substrates bind specifically with the area on on enzyme called the:

Back 29

Active Site

Front 30

Induced fit refers to:

Back 30

a tight association when the proper substrate binds with the correct active site forming an enzyme-substrate complex

Front 31

Each Enzyme works best (optimally) in:

Back 31

a narrow range of environmental conditions suchas temperature or pH.

If varying too farfrom this ideal, the conformation of the enzyme will be changed and the activesite will not bind as well to the substrate, reducing the enzyme’s activity.

Front 32

Catabolic pathways:

Back 32

Ingeneral, they break down complex molecules into simplerones. Inthe process, they release energy. Cellularrespiration is an example of a catabolic pathway as glucose is broken down toeventually make many small energy packets of ATP.

Front 33

Anabolic pathways:

Back 33

Thesepathways build up more complex molecules fromsimpleones. They require the input of energy. Photosynthesis is an example of ananabolic pathway as the light energy from the sun is used to build complexorganicmoleculessuch as glucose from inorganic carbon in the form of carbon dioxide.

Front 34

Kinetic energy is the energy of:

Back 34

motionand includes heat or thermal energy andlightenegy.

Front 35

Potential energy is:

Back 35

storedenergy that matter possess due to its location orstructure.One form is chemical energy that is energy stored in chemical bonds.

Front 36

Describethe function of enzymes in biological systems:

Back 36

Enzymesare catalytic proteins which allow spontaneous reactions to occur withloweramounts of activation energy. This allows reactions to happen muchquickerand easier than without the enzyme. There are countless chemicalreactionsoccurring within cells every second that require the help of enzymes.

Front 37

Explainhow enzyme structure determines enzyme specificity.

Back 37

Enzymesare proteins so they are complex molecules with very specificconformations.The part of the enzyme that bonds with the specific substrate iscalledthe active site. This active site matches precisely with the substrate, like alock andkey, creating the enzyme-substrate complex which allows the enzyme tocatalyzethe reaction.

Front 38

Explain how environmental conditions can affectenzyme activity.

Back 38

Sinceenzymes are proteins, they need their conformation to work properly. Allenzymeshave optimal conditions which reinforce their conformation. While attheseoptimal conditions, the reaction rate will be the highest. Environmentalconditionsthat can influence conformation are temperature, pH and salinity.Someeffects are temporary while some, such as extreme high heat, canpermanentlydisrupt the enzyme’s internal bonds and denature them completelyso thatthey cease to function.