Bio Ch.5 (Mitosis & Meiosis)

Front 1

proper name for sex cells

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gametes

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these separate during Anaphase II

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sister chromatids

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chromosome number in gamete

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haploid

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provides genetic diversity

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random alignment

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chromosome number in body cell

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diploid

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meiosis is significant because it creates

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genetic variation

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daughter cells produced by meiosis are always

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genetically different

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number of cell divisions in meiosis

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2

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diploid number of a human body cell

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46

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stage in meiosis during which tetra form

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prophase I

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period of time between meiosis I and meiosis II

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interkinesis

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haploid number of a human body cell

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23

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number of gametes produced from one parent cell during meiosis

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4

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place where meiosis takes place in male animals

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testes

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occurs in ovaries and produces eggs

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oogenesis

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chromosomes of similar size & shape, carrying same genes

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homologous chromosomes

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homologous chromosome pairs separate during this stage of meiosis

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anaphase I

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exchange of portions of chromatid between homologous chromosomes

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crossing over

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stage in meiosis where chromosomes individually line up on spindle equator

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metaphase II

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stage in meiosis where homologous pairs line up on the equator

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metaphase I

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random arrangement of chromosomes along the spindle equator

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independent assortment

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homologous chromosomes come together and line up side by side

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synapsis

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fertilized egg cell

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zygote

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stage in meiosis where cytokinesis produces 4 haploid cells

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telophase II

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stage in meiosis when crossing over occurs

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prophase I

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# of possible combinations of chromosomes during Metaphase I

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8.4 million

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restores the diploid # of chromosomes

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fertilization

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stage in meiosis when chromatids separate

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anaphase II

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structures in a cell which make spindle fibers

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centrioles

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describe crossing over

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when homologous chromosomes late in prophase I exchange genetic material

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how is meiosis metaphase I different from mitosis metaphase?

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in meiosis (mI) the homologous chromosomes line up single file, but in mitosis they line up in pairs

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in prophase II, why isn't there crossing over or synapsis?

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genetic material isnt exchanged its duplicated

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homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrad

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Prophase I

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spindle fibers move homologous chromosomes to opposite sides

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anaphase I

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nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter cells formed

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telophase II

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chromosomes line up along equator, not in homologous pairs

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Metaphase II

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crossing-over occurs

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Prophase I

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chromatids separate

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anaphase II

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homolgs line up alone on equator

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metaphase II

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homologs line up in pairs along equator

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Metaphase I

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cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed

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telophase I

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what is the immediate end product of meiosis?

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gamete/sex cell

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what is the chromosome # of each each offspring at the end of meiosis

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1/2 the parents

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at what stage of meiosis do single-stranded chromosomes arrive at the poles of each cell

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telophase II

Front 45

how many daughter cells are formed by the end of meiosis I?

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2

Front 46

how many offspring cells does a complete meiotic cycle produce?

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4

Front 47

at what stage of meiosis do homologous chromosomes separate from each other?

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anaphase I

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what structure holds two sister chromatids together?

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centromere

Front 49

at what stage of meiosis do the daughter cells first have the haploid # of chromosomes?

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telophase I

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during prophase I of meiosis, homologous chromosomes synapse. What is a synapsed pair called?

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tetrad

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what organelles form the meiotic poles in animal cells

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centrioles

Front 52

what organelles form the meiotic poles in plant cells?

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centrosomes

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at what stage of meiosis do single-stranded chromosomes migrate to opposite poles?

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anaphase II

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at what stage of meiosis do double-stranded chromosomes arrive at the poles of each cell?

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telophase I

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what structures pull chromosomes toward the poles?

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spindle fibers (generated by centrioles)

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what small cells are formed at the same time an egg cell is formed in animal meiosis?

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polar bodies

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at what stage of meiosis do chromosomes line up single file around the equator?

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metaphase II

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at the end of meiosis in egg cell formation, how many functional egg cells are formed? Name?

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1- ovum

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at the end of meiosis in sperm or spore cell formation, how many functional gametes are formed?

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4

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what are somatic cells?

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body cells(diploid cells)

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what are gametes?

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sex cells

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what's the relationship of a homologous pair?

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the pair is similar but not identical

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what makes up each strand of a homologous pair?

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chromatids

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what's the relationship of chromatids in a chromosome?

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they're identical because they're a product of DNA replication

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what's chromatin?

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long strands of DNA in the nucleus

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in mitosis, chromosomes become visible in which phase?

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prophase

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in mitosis, chromosomes become less tightly coiled & no longer visible in which phase

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telophase

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is interphase a part of mitosis?

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no, but the two together make up the cell cycle

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how many times does meiosis divide and does it repeat after that?

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divides twice, does not repeat

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at the beginning of cell division, how many chromatids does a chromosome have?

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2

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what is the checkpoint for DNA damage?

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G2

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timing in the cell cycle in believed to be controlled by?

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cyclins

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how do cancer cells differ from noncancerous cells?

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cancer cells do not respond to signals that stop cell growth

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what's the end product of spermatogenesis?

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spermatozoa (sperm)

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what's the end product of oogenesis?

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1 ovum and 3 polar bodies

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what is it when homologous chromosomes line up next to each other?

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synapsis

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define apoptosis

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programmed cell death

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a nonfunctioning cell curing oogenesis

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polar body

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compared to the mother cell, what is the chromosome # of each daughter cell at the end of mitosis?

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the same

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at what stage of MITOSIS do spindle fibers attach to centromeres?

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metaphase

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during which stage of interphase does a cell assemble materials needed for nuclear division?

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G2

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at what stage of mitosis do new nuclear membranes form?

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telophase

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during which stage does a cell increase in size and number of organelles and perform its function?

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GI

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sex cells produced by a sexually unidentifiable organisms

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spore

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protiens that aid in the coiling of chromatin into chromosomes

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histomes

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nuclear division that maintains the diploid number in a somatic cell

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mitosis

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product of the centrosome in animal cells; produces spindle

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centrioles

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unwound, accessible DNA in a on-dividing cell

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chromatin

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in females, the haploid cell that divides by meiosis to produce and egg

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secondary oosyte

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change in the DNA sequence as a result of inheritance, replication error, or environmental exposures

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mutation

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number of sperm cells per meiotic division

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4

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gene that encodes a protein that promotes the cell cycle and inhibits apoptosis; mutation of this gene is found in many tumors

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proto-ocogene

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ovum production in females

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oogenesis

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in males, the diploid cell that divides by meiosis to produce sperm

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primary spermatocyte

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longest part of the cell cycle; cell does its normal job, grows, and replicates DNA

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interphase

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fertilized egg

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zygote

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consists of interphase, mitosis, and cytokiniesis

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cell cycle

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forms during cytokinesis in plants; product of golgi apparatus

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cell plate

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caspase that activates "executioners" so apoptosis can occur

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initiators

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the development of cancer, a disruption of the normal cell cycle

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carcinogenesis

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agent like nicotine or uv radiation that causes damage to DNA

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mutagen

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body cell that divides by process of mitosis

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somatic cell

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type of reporduction via mitosis

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a-sexual

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process that may occur if the goals of a checkpoint are not met

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apoptosis

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structure consisting of homologous chromosomes that forms during synapsis

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tetrad

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organelle that organizes cytoskeleton in eukaryotes

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centrosome

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gene that encodes a protein that stop the cell cycle and promotes apoptosis; mutation of this gene is found in many tumors

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tumor suppressor

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because of this, homologous pairs may orient towards either pole during metaphase I of meiosis

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independent assortment

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structure made of tightly coiled DNA and protein in a diving cell

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chromosome

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forms during cytokinesis in animals; product of the cytoskelton

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cleavage furrow

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process during prophase I that increases variation in gametes

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crossing over

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distribution and division of the cytoplasm between daughter cells

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cytokinesis

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sperm production in males

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spermatogenesis

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indentical parts of a chromosome prior to division

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chromatids

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hormones that stimulate the start of the cell cycle

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growth factors