Bio Ch#5

Front 1

antigens

Back 1

foreign proteins or molecules that are the target of binding by antibodies

Front 2

biomanufacturing

Back 2

industry focusing on the production of proteins and other products created by biotechnology

Front 3

CD4 cells

Back 3

referring to human white blood cells, which contain the cell surface recognition protein CD4

Front 4

cleavage

Back 4

process of splitting the polypeptide into two or more strands

Front 5

codon

Back 5

a set of three nucleotides on a strand of mRNA that codes for a particular amino acid in a protein chain

Front 6

Coomassie® Blue

Back 6

a dye that stains proteins blue and allows them to be visualized

Front 7

cofactors

Back 7

an atom or molecule that an enzyme requires to function

Front 8

ELISA

Back 8

short for enzyme-linked immunospecific assay, a technique that measures the amount of protein or antibody in a solution

Front 9

epitope

Back 9

the specific region on a molecule that an antibody binds to

Front 10

lock and key model

Back 10

a model used to describe how enzymes function, in which the enzyme and substrate make an exact molecular fit at the active site, triggering catalysis

Front 11

optimum pH

Back 11

the pH at which an enzyme achieves maximum activity

Front 12

optimum temperature

Back 12

the temperature at which an enzyme achieves maximum activity

Front 13

PAGE

Back 13

short for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a process in which proteins and small DNA molecules are separated by electrophoresis on vertical gels made of the synthetic polymer, polyacrylamide

Front 14

protein synthesis

Back 14

the generation of new proteins from amino acid subunits; in the cell, it includes transcription and translation

Front 15

peptidyl transferase

Back 15

an enzyme found in the ribosome that builds polypeptide chains by connecting amino acids into long chains through peptide bonds

Front 16

phosphorylation

Back 16

adding phosphate groups

Front 17

polar

Back 17

the chemical characteristic of containing both a positive and negative charge on opposite sides of a molecule

Front 18

primary structure

Back 18

the order and type of amino acids found in a polypeptide chain

Front 19

quaternary structure

Back 19

the structure of a protein resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide chains

Front 20

reverse transcriptase

Back 20

an enzyme that transcribes a complementary strand of DNA from a strand of RNA

Front 21

denaturation

Back 21

the process in which proteins lose their
conformation or three-dimensional shape

Front 22

glycoprotein

Back 22

a protein which has had sugar groups added to it

Front 23

glycosylated

Back 23

descriptive of molecules to which sugar groups have been added

Front 24

hybridoma

Back 24

a hybrid cell used to generate monoclonal antibodies that results from the fusion of immortal tumor cells with specific antibody-producing white blood cells (B-cells)

Front 25

induced fit model

Back 25

a model used to describe how enzymes function, in which a substrate squeezes into an active site and induces the enzyme's activity

Front 26

monoclonal antibody

Back 26

a type of antibody that is directed against a single epitope

Front 27

secondary structure

Back 27

the structure of a protein (alpha helix and beta sheets) that results from hydrogen bonding

Front 28

silver stain

Back 28

a stain used for visualizing proteins

Front 29

substrate

Back 29

the molecule that an enzyme acts on

Front 30

Taq polymerase

Back 30

a DNA synthesis enzyme that can withstand the high temperatures used in PCR

Front 31

taxonomic relationships

Back 31

how species are related to one another in terms of evolution

Front 32

tertiary structure

Back 32

the structure of a protein that results from several interactions, the presence of charged or uncharged "R" groups, and hydrogen bonding

Front 33

transcription

Back 33

the process of deciphering a DNA nucleotide code and converting it into an RNA nucleotide code; the RNA carries the genetic message to a ribosome for translation into a protein code

Front 34

translation

Back 34

the process of reading an mRNA nucleotide code and converting it into a sequence of amino acids

Front 35

tRNA

Back 35

a type of ribonucleic acid (RNA) that shuttles amino acids into the ribosome for protein synthesis

Front 36

x-ray crystallography

Back 36

a technique used to determine the three-dimensional structure of a protein