Bio Ch. 9

Front 1

What is cancer?

Back 1

Cancer is a disease of unregulated cell division.

Front 2

What is cell division and its purpose?

Back 2

Cell division is the process by which a cell reproduces itself.

Important for normal growth, development, and repair of an organism

Front 3

Define cell cycle.

Back 3

Ordered sequence of stages through which a cell progresses through in order to divide during its life

Front 4

The cell dividing is called the _________________ cell, and the resulting two identical cells are called the ______________________ cells.

Back 4

parent; daughter

Front 5

The preparatory phase of the cell cycle is called _____________________, and the cell division phases of the cell cycle are called ________________________ and ___________________________.

Back 5

interphase; mitosis and cytokinesis

Front 6

Cells spend most of their time in _______________________.

Back 6

Interphase - Preparation

Front 7

Name the three sub-phases of interphase and what occurs during each.

Back 7

Interphase – G1 phase

-The cell enlarges, produces additional cytoplasm, and begins to produce new organelles.

Interphase - S phase

-DNA replication occurs, each chromosome is replicated to produce two sister chromatids.

Interphase – G2 phase

-Cell prepares for cell division.

Front 8

Define sister chromatids.

Back 8

The two identical DNA molecules that make up a duplicated chromosome following DNA replication.

Front 9

Define centromere.

Back 9

The specialized region of a chromosome where the sister chromatids are joined; critical for proper alignment during mitosis.

Front 10

Why is DNA semi-conservative?

Back 10

Each newly made DNA molecule has one original and one new strand of DNA

Front 11

What happens to the sister chromatids during mitosis and cytokinesis?

Back 11

joined at centromeres

Front 12

What are the four phases of mitosis?

Back 12

1. Prophase (46/46)

2. Metaphase (92/ 46)

3. Anaphase (92/92)

4. Telophase(2 nuclei in cell) (92/92)

(chromosomes and pairs)

Front 13

Define mitotic spindle.

Back 13

The structure that separates sister chromatids during mitosis

Front 14

Describe what occurs during prophase.

Back 14

Prophase

Replicated chromosomes begin to coil up. Nuclear membrane begins to disassemble.

Protein fibers of the mitotic spindle begin to form

Front 15

Describe what occurs during metaphase.

Back 15

Metaphase

Spindle fibers from opposite ends attach to the sister chromatids of each chromosome

Replicated chromosomes become align along the middle of the cell

Front 16

Describe what occurs during anaphase.

Back 16

Anaphase

Spindle fibers shorten and pull sister chromatids to opposite ends of the cell.

Front 17

Describe what occurs during telophase.

Back 17

Telophase

Identical set of chromosomes reaches each pole.

Spindle fibers dissemble.Nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes.

Front 18

Define cytokinesis.

Back 18

The cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells, each containing a full complement of organelles and DNA.

Front 19

What structural differences occur between plant and animal cells during cytokinesis?

Back 19

Animal cell – cleavage furrow (cell membrane pinches)

Plant cell – cell plate (new cell wall)

Front 20

What is the purpose of cell cycle checkpoints?

Back 20

-Ensure that each stage of the cell cycle is completed

-Preventing a cell from progressing to the next stage until it accurately finishes the current stage.

Front 21

The _______________________ checkpoint checks to see if there is a signal to divide, the ________________________ checkpoint checks to see of DNA replicated properly and if there is damage to the DNA, and the ________________________ checkpoint checks to make sure the chromosomes aligned properly for separation.

Back 21

.

Front 22

What is apoptosis and what does it prevent?

Back 22

Programmed cell death

-Prevent cells from producing more damaged cells

Front 23

Why are cancer cells harmful?

Back 23

-Crowd out normal cells

-Invading other organs

-Secreting poisonous chemicals

Front 24

Name and describe three ways to fight cancer as well as their limitations.

Back 24

Surgery

Radiation

Chemotherapy

Front 25

Define metastatic tumor.

Back 25

Tumors that have from one location in the body to another.

Front 26

Name the chemotherapy agent extracted from the Pacific yew tree.

Back 26

taxol

Front 27

How does this drug work and what cancers does it work on?

Back 27

-Interferes with cell division

-Ovarian cancer & breast cancer