Bio Ch 8

Front 1

blood vessels that transport blood away from the heart to body tissues

Back 1

arteries

Front 2

blood vessels that return blood to the heart from body tissues are

Back 2

veins

Front 3

blood vessels that exchange water, nutrients, wastes, oxygen and carbon dioxide with cells

Back 3

capillaries

Front 4

medium-sized vessels that regulate the amount of blood flowing between arteries and capillaries

Back 4

arterioles

Front 5

large, thick-walled vessels that are able to ___ in response to high blood pressure generated by the heart

Back 5

stretch

Front 6

artery walls are made of ___ layers surrounding a hollow interior called the _____

Back 6

3; lumen

Front 7

3 layers of artery walls: thin inner layer of flattened squamous epithelial cells called _____; thicker middle layer responsible for contraction and stretching is made of ______ muscle and ____ _____ tissue; outer connective tissue layer that protects vessels is made primarily of ____

Back 7

endothelium; smooth, elastic connective; collagen

Front 8

inward or outward ballooning of an artery wall; occurs when the endothelium layer becomes damaged and blood seeps between the two outer layers of the artery

Back 8

aneurysm

Front 9

largest artery in the body

Back 9

aorta

Front 10

a band of smooth muscle at the junction between an arteriole and a capillary that controls blood flow into the capillary by constricting or relaxing is the

Back 10

precapillary sphincter

Front 11

contraction of vascular smooth muscle that reduces vessel diameter and blood flow

Back 11

vasoconstriction

Front 12

relaxation of vascular smooth muscle that increases vessel diameter and blood flow

Back 12

vasodilation

Front 13

cold day, nerves

Back 13

vasoconstrict

Front 14

hot day, nerves

Back 14

vasodilate

Front 15

capillaries are the thinnest blood vessels, consisting of only a single layer of _____ epithelial cells or ____

Back 15

squamous, endothelium

Front 16

two things unable to pass out of capillaries and into interstitial fluid because of large size are

Back 16

RBCs, plasma proteins

Front 17

water, oxygen, and nutrients diffuse out of capillaries and into interstitial fluid at the _____ end of capillaries

Back 17

arteriole

Front 18

carbon dioxide and wastes diffuse from interstitial fluid into capillaries, and some water diffuses back into capillaries at the ___ end of capillaries

Back 18

venule

Front 19

___ and _____ return blood to the heart and serve as a blood volume reservoir, storing 2/3 of the body's blood

Back 19

veins, venules

Front 20

average resting heart rate

Back 20

75 bpm

Front 21

tough, fibrous sac that encloses and protects the heart, anchors it to surrounding structures and prevents it from overfilling

Back 21

pericardium

Front 22

heart: two upper thin-walled chambers

Back 22

atria

Front 23

two lower thick-walled chambers

Back 23

ventricles

Front 24

right and left sides of the heart are separated by a thick muscular

Back 24

septum

Front 25

prevent blood from flowing back into the atria when the ventricles contract

Back 25

atrioventricular valaves

Front 26

prevent blood from flowing back into the ventricles from the main arteries leaving the heart when the heart relaxes

Back 26

semilunar valves

Front 27

right AV valve

Back 27

tricuspid valve

Front 28

left AV valve

Back 28

bicuspid/mitral valve

Front 29

valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Back 29

pulmonary semilunar valve

Front 30

valve between left ventricle and aorta

Back 30

aortic semilunar valve

Front 31

right side pumps blood to lungs to be oxygenated through the _____ circuit

Back 31

pulmonary

Front 32

left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body through the ____ circuit

Back 32

systemic

Front 33

the heart muscle is supplied with nutrients and oxygen by ____ arteries that are the first branches off the ____

Back 33

coronary, aorta

Front 34

contraction of the atria forces blood into the

Back 34

ventricles

Front 35

period of contraction in cardiac cycle

Back 35

systole

Front 36

period of relaxation in cardiac cycle

Back 36

diastole

Front 37

the three steps of the cardiac cycle

Back 37

atrial systole, ventricular systole, diastole

Front 38

both atria contract in

Back 38

atrial systole

Front 39

both ventricles contract and atria relax in

Back 39

ventricular systole

Front 40

both ventricles relax in

Back 40

diastole

Front 41

heart sounds are caused by the closing of

Back 41

valves

Front 42

4 structures involved in the cardiac conduction system

Back 42

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

Front 43

SA node is located in the _____ atrium and is called the cardiac pacemaker because

Back 43

it initiates a heartbeat every .8 seconds, causing both atria to contract

Front 44

explain the route of the cardiac conduction system

Back 44

Impulses travel from the SA node to the AV node, which relays impulses to the AV bundle in the ventricular septum. Then Purkinje fibers carry impulses deeper into the ventricular muscle or myocardium.

Front 45

pain and tightness in the chest triggered by exertion, stress, cold, etc that is a warning of temporary insufficient blood flow to the heart

Back 45

angina pectoris

Front 46

sudden death of an area of heart muscle due to lack of oxygen is called a heart attack or

Back 46

myocardial infarction

Front 47

decrease in pumping efficiency of the heart, causing interstitial fluid buildup

Back 47

congestive heart failure

Front 48

sudden blockage of a blood vessel

Back 48

embolism

Front 49

impaired blood flow to the brain is a stroke or

Back 49

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)