Bio. Ch. 4 Real

Front 1

ATP synthase

Back 1

a membrane-embedded protein complex that regenerates ATP from ADP with
energy from protons diffusing through it

Front 2

ATP

Back 2

the cell’s energy currency

Front 3

adenosine triphosphate

Back 3

the cell’s energy currency

Front 4

acetyl CoA

Back 4

the combination of an acetyl group derived from pyruvic acid and coenzyme A
which is made from pantothenic acid (a B-group vitamin

Front 5

activation energy

Back 5

the amount of initial energy necessary for reactions to occur

Front 6

active site

Back 6

a specific region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

Front 7

allosteric inhibition

Back 7

the mechanism for inhibiting enzyme action in which a regulatory
molecule binds to a second site (not the active site) and initiates a conformation change in the
active site, preventing binding with the substrate

Front 8

anabolic

Back 8

describes the pathway that requires a net energy input to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones

Front 9

anaerobic cellular respiration

Back 9

the use of an electron acceptor other than oxygen to complete
metabolism using electron transport-based chemiosmosis

Front 10

bioenergetics

Back 10

the concept of energy flow through living systems

Front 11

catabolic

Back 11

describes the pathway in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler
ones, yielding energy as an additional product of the reaction

Front 12

chemiosmosis

Back 12

the movement of hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient across a
membrane through ATP synthase to generate ATP

Front 13

citric acid cycle

Back 13

a series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions of central importance in all
living cells that harvests the energy in carbon-carbon bonds of sugar molecules to generate ATP;
the citric acid cycle is an aerobic metabolic pathway because it requires oxygen in later reactions to proceed

Front 14

competitive inhibition

Back 14

a general mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which a molecule
other than the enzyme’s substrate is able to bind the active site and prevent the substrate itself
from binding, thus inhibiting the overall rate of reaction for the enzyme

Front 15

electron transport chain

Back 15

a series of four large, multi-protein complexes embedded in the inner
mitochondrial membrane that accepts electrons from donor compounds and harvests energy from
a series of chemical reactions to generate a hydrogen ion gradient across the membrane

Front 16

endergonic

Back 16

describes a chemical reaction that results in products that store more chemical potential energy than the reactants

Front 17

enzyme

Back 17

a molecule that catalyzes a biochemical reaction

Front 18

exergonic

Back 18

describes a chemical reaction that results in products with less chemical potential
energy than the reactants, plus the release of free energy

Front 19

feedback inhibition

Back 19

a mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which the product of a
reaction or the final product of a series of sequential reactions inhibits an enzyme for an earlier
step in the reaction series

Front 20

fermentation

Back 20

the steps that follow the partial oxidation of glucose via glycolysis to regenerate
NAD+; occurs in the absence of oxygen and uses an organic compound as the final electron acceptor

Front 21

glycolysis

Back 21

the process of breaking glucose into two three-carbon molecules with the production
of ATP and NADH

Front 22

heat energy

Back 22

the energy transferred from one system to another that is not work

Front 23

kinetic energy

Back 23

the type of energy associated with objects in motion

Front 24

metabolism

Back 24

all the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including those that use
energy and those that release energy

Front 25

noncompetitive inhibition

Back 25

a general mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which a
regulatory molecule binds to a site other than the active site and prevents the active site from
binding the substrate; thus, the inhibitor molecule does not compete with the substrate for the
active site; allosteric inhibition is a form of noncompetitive inhibition

Front 26

oxidative phosphorylation

Back 26

the production of ATP by the transfer of electrons down the
electron transport chain to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to add
phosphate groups to ADP molecules

Front 27

potential energy

Back 27

the type of energy that refers to the potential to do work

Front 28

substrate

Back 28

a molecule on which the enzyme acts

Front 29

thermodynamics

Back 29

the science of the relationships between heat, energy, and work