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43 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Fossil
The remains or traces of organisms from the past.
Srata
Compressed layers of sediment that have turned into superimposed layers of rock.
Paleontology
The study of fossils
Catastrophism
The principle that events in the past occurred suddenly and were caused by mechanisms different from those operating in the present.
Uniformaitarianism
A principle which states that mechanisms of change are constant over time.
Adaptaions
Characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments.
Artificial Selection
When humans modify a species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits.
Natural Selection
A process in which individuals that have certain heritable characteristics survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals.
Heritable Traits
Traits that are passed from organisms to their offspring.
Homology
Similarity in characteristics resulting from a shared ancestry.
Homologous Structures
Structures that represent variations on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestor.
Vestigial Structures
Remnants of features that served important functions in the organism's ancestors.
Evolutionary Tree
A diagram that reflects evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.
Convergent Evolution
The independent evolution of similar features in different lineages.
Biogeography
The geographic distribution of species.
Continental Drift
The slow movement of Earth's continents over time.
Pangaea
All of Earth's landmasses combined to for a landmass called Pangaea.
Microevolution
Change in allele frequencies in a population over generations.
Average Heterozygosity
The average percent of loci that are heterozygous.
Geographic Variation
Differences in the genetic composition of separate populations.
Cline
A graded change in a character along a geographic axis.
Mutation
A change in the nucleotide sequence of an organism's DNA.
Point Mutation
A change of one base in a gene.
Population
A group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring.
Gene Pool
Consists of all the alleles for all the loci in all individuals of the population.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Principle that states that the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work.
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
The gene pool of a population that is not evolving.
Genetic Drift
Cance events can also cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next, especially in small populations.
Founder Effect
When a smaller group branches away and establishes a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population.
Bottleneck Effect
A severe drop in population size. Such as a fire or bomb lol
Gene Flow
The transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes.
Relative Fitness
The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals.
Directional Selection
Occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other.
Disruptive Selection
Occurs when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals w intermediate phenotypes.
Stabilizing Selection
Selection that acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants.
Sexual Selection
A form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates.
Sexual Dimorphism
Marked differences between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics.
Intrasexual Selection
Selection within the same sex. Bucks fighting over a doe
Intersexual selection
When the a female choses her mate.
Balancing Selection
Occurs when natural selection maintains two or more form in a population.
Heterozygote Advantage
If individuals who are heterozypous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kinds of homozygotes.
Frequency-Dependent Selection
The fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population.
Neutral Variation
In humans, many of the nucleotide differences in non-coding sequences appear to confer no selective advantage or disadvantage.