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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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fertilization
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the union of two cell
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sperm
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male gametes, each haplod (n) in chromosome number
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gametes
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a haploid reproductive cell, either an ovum (the fertilized egg) or a sperm, formed by meiosis
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yolk
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an energy rich collection of lipids and proteins
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zygote
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a fertilized egg
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embryo
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an organism in its earliest stage of development
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activation
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the increase in cell respiration and protein synthesis that occurs in a newly formed zygote after fertilization
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differentiation
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process in which cells become specialized for a specific structure and function via selective gene expression
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morphogenesis
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the embryonic development of the structure of an organism
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cleavage
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the process of cell division in animal cells characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; also, the rapid cell divisions without growth that take place during early embryonic development
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blastula
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an animal embryo after the cleavage stage, consisting of a hollow, fluid-filled ball of cells
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gastrula
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the two-layered, cup-shaped embryonic stage
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primary germ layers
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in animals, the three cell groups - endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm - that give rise to all the tissues of the body
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ectoderm
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the outer layer of cells in the gastrula stage of an animal embryo
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endoderm
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the innermost layer of the three germ layers, primary tissue layers, in an animal embryo
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mesoderm
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in most animal embryos, a tissue layer between the ectoderm and endoderm
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body plan
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the general form of an organism's ody structure, including its pattern of symmetry, germ layers, and body cavities
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notochord
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a flexible, dorsal, rodlike structure that extends the length of the body of animals called chordates; in vertebrates, present only in the embryonic stages
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neural tube
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the foundation of the nervous system that forms in an embryos at the gastrula stage
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larva
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an immature stage of development in offspring of many types of animals, especially arthropods and some aquatic organisms
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metamorphosis
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in the life cycles of many animals, major changes in the body form and function as the newly hatched young (larvae) mature into adults
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segmentation
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in animals, division into a series of similar parts, such as is found in annelid (earthworm) and arthropod (insect, crab, and spider) body plansx
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homeotic gene
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a gene that determines which body parts are made at which locations on a developing organism; turns other genes on and off
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homeobox
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a short DNA sequence that is virtually identical in certain homeotic genes; protein products of these genes regulate patterns of cell differentiation in a wide variety of organisms
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Hox genes
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a group of homeotic genes found in all animals, help establish the anterior-posterior axis (head to tail); named Hox genes for the homeoboxes they contain
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blastocyst
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the mammalian embryonic stage that corresponds to the blastula of other animals
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amnion
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a sac or membrane filled with fluid and enclosing the embryo of a reptile, bird, or mammal; cushions the embryo
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chorion
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an embryonic membrane that surrounds all the other embryonic membranes in reptiles, birds, and mammals; used for gas exchange
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villus
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a fingerlike projection of the small intestine that increases surface area for absorption of digested foods
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placenta
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a structure in the uterus for exchange of materials between a fetus and a the mother's blood supply; formed from teh uterine lining and embryonic membranes
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fetus
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an older human embryo
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DNA-RNA hybridization
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pairing of DNA molecules with RNA molecules by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs
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determination
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the process in which a cell commits to a particular pathway of differentiation
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embryonic induction
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the influence of one embryonic tissue on another, causing the second tissue to specialize
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yolk sac
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membrane that contains yolk which norishes the embryo
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allantois
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membrane for waste primarily, and gas exchange
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vestigal
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structures without functions: yolk sac, appendix
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