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24 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Explain why cells are small
When the cell is too big, transport through the cell is over
a longer distance. This means that it takes longer for
nutrients to diffuse to where they are needed in the cell.

Also, now you have very little surface area to feed a very
large organism.
Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
Asexual- offspring that inherit all their genetic material from one parent

Sexual- offspring that differ genetically from their parent because the genetic material of both parents was combined
Stages of Mitosis
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase
Stages of Cell Cycle
Mitosis, G1, S, G2, G0
Cytokinesis, Plant vs. Animal Cell
cell plate/ contractile ring
Cancer
disease caused by the severe disruption of the mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle

uncontolled cell division
Benign vs. Malignant Tumor
Benign- Non-Cancerous

Malignant- Cancerous (spread to other parts of body)
Why does cancer occur?
Multiple mutations in a cell that affect the control of the cell cycle
Functions of main categories of genes that control the cell cycle
Proto-oncogene (called an oncogene when mutated)- promotes cell division

Tumor Suppressor Gene- halts cell division

if mutated then uncontrollable cell division
Metastasis
the spread of cancer beyond their original site
Cancer treatments
Surgery

Radiation- destroys cells in area of mutation

Chemotherapy- chemicals that disrupt cell division
Homologous Chromosomes
Same chromosome structure/ carries the same sequence of genes...may contain seperate versions of the same gene.
Haploid vs. Diploid cell
Haploid-one set of chromosomes (combination between mom and dad)
Dipoloid- two sets of chromosomes (one from mom, one from dad)
If organism has 42 chromosomes in diploid state how many chromosomes will it have in haploid state.
21
Karyotype
size/centromere location
Gametes vs. Somatic cells
Gamete- sex cell (germ cell)

Somatic Cell- body cell
Meiosis
2 stages...second stage mitosis. Result is four non-identical gametes
Autosomes vs. Sex Chromosomes
autosomes are choromosomes 1-22
sex chromosomes are chromoses 23
Non- disjunction
the failure of the chromosomes to properly segregate during meiotic or mitotic anaphase, resulting in daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes
Down Syndrome, Turner's syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome
Down Syndrome- trisomy 21
Turner's- One x chromosome
Klinefelter's- XXY
How to determine Down Syndrome
Chorionic villus sampling
Amniocentesis
2 ways genetic variation is increased during meiosis
Chromosome assortment/Crossing over
Why is creating non-identical gametes, in meiosis, important
creates variation with in a population
Meiosis vs. Mitosis
Meiosis is 2 stages, lessens amount of chromosomes, and creates gametes