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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Explain why cells are small
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When the cell is too big, transport through the cell is over
a longer distance. This means that it takes longer for nutrients to diffuse to where they are needed in the cell. Also, now you have very little surface area to feed a very large organism. |
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Asexual vs. Sexual Reproduction
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Asexual- offspring that inherit all their genetic material from one parent
Sexual- offspring that differ genetically from their parent because the genetic material of both parents was combined |
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Stages of Mitosis
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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telephase
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Stages of Cell Cycle
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Mitosis, G1, S, G2, G0
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Cytokinesis, Plant vs. Animal Cell
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cell plate/ contractile ring
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Cancer
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disease caused by the severe disruption of the mechanisms that normally control the cell cycle
uncontolled cell division |
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Benign vs. Malignant Tumor
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Benign- Non-Cancerous
Malignant- Cancerous (spread to other parts of body) |
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Why does cancer occur?
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Multiple mutations in a cell that affect the control of the cell cycle
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Functions of main categories of genes that control the cell cycle
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Proto-oncogene (called an oncogene when mutated)- promotes cell division
Tumor Suppressor Gene- halts cell division if mutated then uncontrollable cell division |
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Metastasis
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the spread of cancer beyond their original site
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Cancer treatments
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Surgery
Radiation- destroys cells in area of mutation Chemotherapy- chemicals that disrupt cell division |
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Homologous Chromosomes
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Same chromosome structure/ carries the same sequence of genes...may contain seperate versions of the same gene.
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Haploid vs. Diploid cell
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Haploid-one set of chromosomes (combination between mom and dad)
Dipoloid- two sets of chromosomes (one from mom, one from dad) |
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If organism has 42 chromosomes in diploid state how many chromosomes will it have in haploid state.
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21
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Karyotype
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size/centromere location
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Gametes vs. Somatic cells
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Gamete- sex cell (germ cell)
Somatic Cell- body cell |
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Meiosis
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2 stages...second stage mitosis. Result is four non-identical gametes
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Autosomes vs. Sex Chromosomes
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autosomes are choromosomes 1-22
sex chromosomes are chromoses 23 |
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Non- disjunction
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the failure of the chromosomes to properly segregate during meiotic or mitotic anaphase, resulting in daughter cells with abnormal numbers of chromosomes
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Down Syndrome, Turner's syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome
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Down Syndrome- trisomy 21
Turner's- One x chromosome Klinefelter's- XXY |
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How to determine Down Syndrome
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Chorionic villus sampling
Amniocentesis |
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2 ways genetic variation is increased during meiosis
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Chromosome assortment/Crossing over
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Why is creating non-identical gametes, in meiosis, important
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creates variation with in a population
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Meiosis vs. Mitosis
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Meiosis is 2 stages, lessens amount of chromosomes, and creates gametes
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