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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Biologists explore life from the microscopic to the global scale
1. A Hierarchy of Biological Organization
2. A Closer Look at Ecosystems
3. A Closer Look at Cells
A Hierarchy of Biological Organization
The hierarchy of life unfolds as follows:
biosphere >
ecosystem >
community >
population >
organism >
organ system >
organ >
tissue >
cell >
organelle >
molecule >
atom
A Closer Look at Ecosystems
Whereas chemical nutrients recycle within an ecosystem, energy flows through an ecosystem.
Closer Look at Cells
The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life. Cells contain DNA, the substance of genes, which program the cell’s production of proteins and transmit information from parents to offspring. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane–enclosed organelles, including a DNA–containing nucleus. Prokaryotic cells lack such organelles.
Biological systems are much more than the sum of their parts
1. The Emergent Properties of Systems
2. The Power and Limitations of Reductionism
3. Systems Biology
4. Feedback Regulation in Biological Systems
The Emergent Properties of Systems
Due to increasing complexity, new properties emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of biological order.
The Power and Limitations of Reductionism
Reductionism involves reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study.
Systems Biology
Systems biology seeks to create models of the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems. With such models, scientists will be able to predict how a change in one part of the system will affect the rest of the system.
Feedback Regulation in Biological Systems
In negative feedback, accumulation of an end product slows the process that produces that product. In positive feedback, the end product speeds up its production.
Biologists explore life across its great diversity of species
1. Grouping Species: The Basic Idea
2. The Three Domains of Life
3. Unity in the Diversity of Life
Grouping Species: The Basic Idea
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species according to a system of broader and broader groups.
The Three Domains of Life
Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea consist of prokaryotes. Domain Eukarya, the eukaryotes, includes the various protist kingdoms and the kingdoms Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.
Unity in the Diversity of Life
As diverse as life is, there is also evidence of remarkable unity.
Evolution accounts for life’s unity and diversity
1. Natural Selection
2. The Tree of Life
Natural Selection
Darwin called the evolutionary history of species “descent with modification.” He proposed natural selection as the mechanism for evolutionary adaptation of populations to their environments. Natural selection is the evolutionary process that occurs when a population’s heritable variations are exposed to environmental factors that favor the reproductive success of some individuals over others.
The Tree of Life
Each species is one twig of a branching tree of life extending back in time through ancestral species more and more remote. All of life is connected through its long evolutionary history.
Biologists use various forms of inquiry to explore life
1. Discovery Science
2. Hypothesis–Based Science
3. A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Investigating Mimicry in Snake Populations
4. Limitations of Science
5. Theories in Science
6. Model Building in Science
7. The Culture of Science
8. Science, Technology, and Society
Discovery Science
In discovery science, scientists describe some aspect of the world and use inductive reasoning to draw general conclusions.
Hypothesis–Based Science
Based on observations, scientists propose hypotheses that lead to predictions and then test the hypotheses by seeing if the predictions come true. Deductive reasoning is used in testing hypotheses: If a hypothesis is correct, and we test it, then we can expect a particular outcome. Hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable.
A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Investigating Mimicry in Snake Populations
Experiments must be designed to test the effect of one variable by testing control groups and experimental groups that vary in only that one variable.
Limitations of Science
Science cannot address supernatural phenomena because hypotheses must be testable and falsifiable and observations and experimental results must be repeatable.
Theories in Science
A scientific theory is broad in scope, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence.
Model Building in Science
Models of ideas, structures, and processes help us understand scientific phenomena and make predictions.
The Culture of Science
Science is a social activity characterized by both cooperation and competition.
Science, Technology, and Society
Technology applies scientific knowledge for some specific purpose.
Activity Science, Technology, and Society: DDT
A set of themes connects the concepts of biology
1.1 Underlying themes provide a framework for understanding biology
1. All the organisms on your campus make up
a. an ecosystem.
b. a community.
c. a population.
d. an experimental group.
e. a taxonomic domain.
b
2. Which of the following is a correct sequence of levels in life’s hierarchy, proceeding downward from an individual animal?
a. brain, organ system, nerve cell, nervous tissue
b. organ system, population of cells, nervous tissue, brain
c. organism, organ system, tissue, cell, organ
d. nervous system, brain, nervous tissue, nerve cell
e. organ system, tissue, molecule, cell
d
3. Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which Darwin’s theory of natural selection is based?
a. Poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring.
b. There is heritable variation among individuals.
c. Because of overproduction of offspring, there is competition for limited resources.
d. Individuals whose inherited characteristics best fit them to the environment will generally produce more offspring.
e. A population can become adapted to its environment.
a
4. Systems biology is mainly an attempt to
a. understand the integration of all levels of biological organization from molecules to the biosphere.
b. simplify complex problems by reducing the system into smaller, less complex units.
c. model one level of biological organization based on an understanding of the lower levels of organization.
d. provide a systematic method for interpretation of large amounts of biological data.
e. speed up the technological application of scientific knowledge.
c
5. Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because
a. protists eat bacteria.
b. bacteria are not made of cells.
c. bacterial cells lack a nucleus.
d. bacteria decompose protists.
e. protists are photosynthetic.
c
6. Which of the following best demonstrates the unity among all organisms?
a. matching DNA nucleotide sequences
b. descent with modification
c. the structure and function of DNA
d. natural selection
e. emergent properties
c
7. Which of the following is an example of qualitative data?
a. The temperature decreased from 20°C to 15°C.
b. The plant’s height is 25 centimeters (cm).
c. The fish swam in a zig–zag motion.
d. The six pairs of robins hatched an average of three chicks.
e. The contents of the stomach are mixed every 20 seconds.
c
8. Which of the following best describes the logic of hypothesis–based science?
a. If I generate a testable hypothesis, tests and observations will support it.
b. If my prediction is correct, it will lead to a testable hypothesis.
c. If my observations are accurate, they will support my hypothesis.
d. If my hypothesis is correct, I can expect certain test results.
e. If my experiments are set up right, they will lead to a testable hypothesis.
d
9. A controlled experiment is one that
a. proceeds slowly enough that a scientist can make careful records of the results.
b. may include experimental groups and control groups tested in parallel.
c. is repeated many times to make sure the results are accurate.
d. keeps all environmental variables constant.
e. is supervised by an experienced scientist.
b
10. Which of the following statements best distinguishes hypotheses from theories in science?
a. Theories are hypotheses that have been proved.
b. Hypotheses are guesses; theories are correct answers.
c. Hypotheses usually are relatively narrow in scope; theories have broad explanatory power.
d. Hypotheses and theories are essentially the same thing.
e. Theories are proved true in all cases; hypotheses are usually falsified by tests.
c