Bio Basis Comp Exam

Front 1

A psychological disorder characterized by tension, over activity of the automatic nervous system, expectation of an impeding disaster, and continuous vigilance for danger

Back 1

Anxiety Disorders

Front 2

Studies shows that the ____________ and _____________ prefrontal and insular cortices are involved in anxiety disorders

Back 2

amygdala and the cingulate

Front 3

Treatment of Panic Disorder, Agoraphobia, and Social Anxiety Disorder is commonly done with

Back 3

benzodiazepines and SSRIs

Front 4

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder can be caused by birth trauma, encephalitis, and head injuries, especially when the ___________________ are involved

Back 4

basal ganglia

Front 5

What type of infection can stimulate an autoimmune attack on the basal ganglia that produces symptoms of OCD?

Back 5

streptococcus infection

Front 6

Increased activity in the prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and caudate nucleus can be found in people diagnosed with

Back 6

OCD

Front 7

Treatment of OCD is to

Back 7

reduce the activity of the prefrontal cortex and caudate nucleus

Front 8

In severe cases of OCD what surgical procedures may provide relief?

Back 8

cingulotomy and capsulotomy

Front 9

What is the most effective treatment drug for OCD?

Back 9

SSRIs such s clomipramine

Front 10

Deep brain stimulation with implanted electrodes has been shown to be effective in patients with

Back 10

OCD

Front 11

The brain and the spinal cord

Back 11

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Front 12

nervous system outside of brain and spinal cord

Back 12

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Front 13

Info processing and info transmitting element of the nervous system

Back 13

Neurons

Front 14

Basic structure of the neuron:

Back 14

Soma-contains nucleus

Dendrites- where neurons receive messages from other neurons

Axon- covered with myelin sheath. carries info from cell body to terminal buttons

Synapse-Junction between terminal buttons and membrane of another neuron

-Terminal buttons- (end of twigs) Secret neurotransmitters when action potential reaches them

Front 15

Gives rise to one axon to many dendritic trees

Back 15

Multipolar

Front 16

Gives rise to one axon and one dendritic tree at opposite sides of soma

Back 16

Bipolar

Front 17

Leaves soma and divides into two branches a short distance away. (only has one stalk)

Back 17

Unipolar

Front 18

Inside the multipolar neuron:

Back 18

Membrane

Cytoplasm

Mitochondria

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Chromosome

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Gene

Cytoskeleton

Enzyme

Glia

Astrocyte

Front 19

Lipid molecules that define boundaries of cell

Back 19

membrane

Front 20

liquid inside cell

Back 20

cytoplasm

Front 21

organelle that extracts energy from nutrient

Back 21

Mitochondria

Front 22

breaks down and releases energy

Back 22

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Front 23

Strand of DNA with associated proteins (in nucleus). Carries info

Back 23

Chromosome

Front 24

Macromolecule that has 2 helical strands. Constitute chromosomes

Back 24

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Front 25

functional unit of the chromosome, which directs synthesis of one or more proteins

Back 25

Gene

Front 26

Support structure that gives cell shape

Back 26

cytoskeleton

Front 27

Molecule that controls chemical reaction (combines substances or breaks them apart)

Back 27

Enzyme

Front 28

Supporting cells of the CNS

Back 28

Glia

Front 29

Glial cell that supports neurons in CNS (provides nutrients and regulates chemicals)

Back 29

astrocyte

Front 30

In the CNS, supports axons and produce myelin

Back 30

Oligodendrocytes

Front 31

In the PNS, support axons and produce myelin

Back 31

Schwann Cell

Front 32

What is the function of the Blood-Brain Barrier?

Back 32

If the composition of the extracellular fluid is changed even slightly, the transmission of neural messages will be disrupted, which means the brain functions will be disrupted

Front 33

The blood and fluids that surround the cells in the brain. Some substances can cross and others cannot (AKA selectively permeable)

Back 33

Blood-Brain barrier

Front 34

A region of the medulla where the blood-brain barrier is weak; poisons can be detected there and initiate vomiting

Back 34

Area postrema

Front 35

Membrane of axon when not being altered by excitation or inhibition

Back 35

Resting potential

Front 36

Reduction (toward zero) of the membrane potential of a cell from its normal resting potential

Back 36

Depolarization

Front 37

increase in the membrane potential of a cell above resting potential

Back 37

Hyperpolarization

Front 38

Electrical impulse that provides the basis for conduction of information along an axon

Back 38

Action potential

Front 39

Value of the membrane potential that must be reached to produce an action potential

Back 39

Threshold of excitation

Front 40

Axon Potentials

Back 40

Resting potential

Depolarization

Hyper polarization

Action potential

Threshold of excitation

Front 41

Membrane Potential

Back 41

Diffusion-movement of molecules from region of high and low concentration

Electrolyte- solution that ionizes

Ion-charged molecule

Electrostatic pressure-attractive force between atomic particles (+and-)

Front 42

Diffusion and electrostatic pressure contributed by ions give rise to the membrane potential. Because the membrane potential is produced by a balance between forces of diffusion and electrostatic pressures, concentration of the various ions in the extracellular and intracellular fluids cause changes in membrane potential.

Back 42

Ions in intra/extra cellular fluid

Front 43

Allow certain ions to enter or leave cell

Back 43

Ion Channels

Front 44

Movement of ions through membrane during action potential:

Back 44

Resting potential (-.70mV)

Threshold of excitation--->

1. Na+ channels open, Na+ begins to enter the cell

2. K+ channels open, K+ begins to leave the cell

3. Na+ channels become refractory, no more Na+ enters the cell (+40mV)

4. K+continues to leave cell, causes membrane potential to return to resting level

5. K+ channels close, Na+ channels reset

6. Extra K+ outside diffuses away

Front 45

Action Potential Laws

Back 45

1. All or nothing- once an action is triggered in an axon, it is propagated without decrement, to the end of the fiber

2. Rate law- variations in the intensity of a stimulus in an axon are represented by variations in the rate at which the axon fires.

Front 46

Communication between neurons is down through

Back 46

synaptic transmission

Front 47

Alterations in the membrane potential of a postsynaptic neuron

Back 47

Postsynaptic potential

Front 48

where neurons take their effect when they attach

Back 48

Binding site

Front 49

chemical that binds with the binding site of the receptor

Back 49

ligand

Front 50

membrane of terminal buttons where neurotransmitter is released

Back 50

Presynaptic membrane

Front 51

Cell membrane opposite to terminal button where cell receives message

Back 51

Postsynaptic membrane

Front 52

Space between presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes

Back 52

Synaptic cleft

Front 53

Small structure found in terminal buttons which contain molecules of neurotransmitter

Back 53

Synaptic Vesicles

Front 54

Where vesicles attach and release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft

Back 54

Release zone

Front 55

Receptor molecule in postsynaptic membrane that contains binding site for neurotransmitter

Back 55

Postsynaptic receptor

Front 56

Ion channel that opens when a molecule of a neurotransmitter binds with a postsynaptic receptor

Back 56

Neurotransmitter-dependent ion channel

Front 57

Postsynaptic Potential:

Back 57

Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)-Excitatory depolarization caused by release of neurotransmitter

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)-inhibitory hyper polarization caused by release of neurotransmitter.

Front 58

Termination:

Back 58

Reuptake-terminate postsynaptic potentials

enzymatic deactivation- there destruction of a neurotransmitter by an enzyme after its release.

Acetylcholine (ACh)- A neurotransmitter found in the brain, spinal cord, and parts of the peripheral nervous system; responsible for muscular contraction.

Front 59

Orientation of the brain

Back 59

Superior- above

Anterior- in front of

Posterior- behind

Inferior- below

Contralateral- located outside of body

Ipsilateral- located on the same side of the body

Medial- toward the middle of the body

Front 60

The Nervous System (brain, spinal cord, cranial, and spinal nerves and peripheral ganglia) is covered with __________________

Back 60

tough connective tissue

Front 61

Protective sheaths around the brain and spinal cord

Back 61

Meninges

Front 62

Three types of Meninges:

Back 62

1. Dura mater (outer tough layer)

2. Arachnoid membrane (middle weblike layer)

3. Pia Mater (inside layer closely attached to brain/spinal cord)

Front 63

Hollow spaces within the brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Back 63

Ventricles

Front 64

One of the two ventricles located in the center of the telencephalon

Back 64

Lateral ventricles

Front 65

located in the center of the diencephalon

Back 65

Third Ventricle

Front 66

Narrow tube interconnecting the third and fourth ventricles of the brain, located in the center of the mesencephalon

Back 66

Cerebral aqueduct

Front 67

Located between the cerebellum and the dorsal pons, in the center of the metecephalon

Back 67

Fourth ventricle

Front 68

The highly vascular tissue that protrudes into the ventricles and produces cerebrospinal fluid

Back 68

Choroid Plexis

Front 69

Ventricular System and production of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

Back 69

Ventricles

Lateral ventricles

Third ventricle

Cerebral aqueduct

Fourth ventricle

Choroid Plexus

Front 70

Central Nervous System

Back 70

Cerebral Cortex (outside layer of brain/gray matter)

Contains Sulci and fissures and gyri

Contains 3 regions which receive info from sensory organs

Front 71

CNS

Back 71

1. Primary visual cortex

2.Primary somatosensory cortex

3. Primary motor cortex

Contains 4 lobes:

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal

Front 72

Corpus Callosum

Back 72

bundle of axons which connect the left and right hemispheres at each lobe

Front 73

Neocortex

Back 73

includes the primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex, and association cortex

Front 74

Limbic cortex

Back 74

part of the limbic system

Front 75

Cingulate gyrus

Back 75

a strip of limbic cortex separating the cerebral hemispheres, just above the corpus callosum

Front 76

Limbic System

Back 76

a group of brain regions which control emotion and motivation.

Contains:

-Amygdala

-Hippocampus

-Fornix

Front 77

Collection of subcortical nuclei in forebrain involved in control of movement.

Contains:

-Caudate nucleus

-putamen

-globus pallidus

Back 77

Basal Ganglia

Front 78

Involved in Parkinson's disease when degeneration of certain neurons takes place and sends messages to caudate nucleus and putamen

Back 78

Basal Ganglia

Front 79

Makes up dorsal part of diencephalon and receives info from cerebral cortex and projects it elsewhere through projection fibers.

Back 79

Thalamus

Front 80

Thalamus contains:

Back 80

Lateral geniculate nucleus-receives information from the eye and sends axons to the primary visual cortex

Medial geniculate nucleus- receives information from the inner ear and sends axons to the primary auditory cortex.

-Ventrolateral nucleus-receives information from the cerebellum and projects it to the primary motor cortex

Front 81

Lies at the base of the brain under the thalamus and controls autonomic nervous system and endocrine system and organizes survival behavior (Fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating)

Back 81

Hypothalamus

Front 82

Hypothalamus contains:

Back 82

Optic chiasm- half of the axons in the optic nerves (from the eyes) cross from one side of the brain to the other

Endocrine system- is controlled by hormones produced by cells in the hypothalamus.

These hormones are secreted by neurosecetory cells.

Posterior pituitary gland-secretes oxytocin and vasopressin

Front 83

Consists of tow major parts:

Tectum- contains superior colliculi and inferior colliculi, which appear as four bumps on the dorsal surface of the brain stem.

Tegmentum- Contains rostral end of the reticular formation, several nuclei controlling eye movements, the periaqueductal gray matter, the red nucleus, the substantial nigra, and the ventral tegmental area.

Back 83

The Midbrain

Front 84

Part of the tegmenjtum that contains neurons that communicate with the caudate nucleus and putamen in the basal ganglia

Back 84

Substantia Nigra

Front 85

Consists of Mesencephalon and Myelencephalon

Back 85

The Hindbrain

Front 86

Metencephalon

Back 86

Consists of cerebellum and pons

Cerebellum- important component of the motor system

Pons- contains a portion of the reticular formation, including some nuclei that appear to be important in sleep and arousal

Front 87

Contains Medulla oblongata

Back 87

Myelencephalon

Front 88

Cord of nervous tissue that extends caudally from the medulla

Back 88

Spinal Cord

Front 89

Spinal nerves- receive info from afferent axons and transmit info from efferent axons

Cranial Nerves-attached to the ventral surface of the brain and serve sensory and motor functions of the head and neck region.

The autonomic nervous system-regulation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

Somatic Nervous system-receives sensory information form the sensory organs and controls movements of the skeletal muscles

Back 89

Peripheral Nervous System

Front 90

-Receives somatosensory info

-Vagus nerve

-Olfactory bulbs-receive info from nose (smell)

Back 90

Cranial Nerves

Front 91

Sympathetic division of ANS- expenditure of energy from reserves that are stored in the body

Parasympathetic division of the ANS- supports activities that are involved with increases in the body's supply of stored energy.

Back 91

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 92

Psychopharmacology

Types of administration:

Back 92

Intravenous (IV) injection

Oral administration- the most common form to humans

Inhalation, such as nicotine, freebase cocaine, and marijuana

Topical administration: Drugs can be absorbed directly through the skin, such as forms of creams, ointments, or patches

Front 93

Drug effects

Back 93

Increasingly stronger doses of the drug produce increasingly larger effects until the maximum effect is reached. Thus, increments in the dose do not produce any increments in the drug's effect. However, the risk of adverse side effects increases.

Front 94

Why do drugs vary in their effectiveness? Two reasons

Back 94

1. different drugs have different sites of action. For example morphine and aspirin have analgesic effects but morphine suppresses the activity of neurons in the spinal cord and brain that are involved in pain perception, whereas aspirin reduces the production of a chemical involved in transmitting information from damaged tissue to pain sensitive neurons.

2. Drugs vary in their effectiveness has to do with the drug's affinity with its site of action

Front 95

Site of Drug Action

Back 95

Agonist: a drug that facilitates the effects of a neurotransmitter

Antagonist: Inhibitor- a drug that opposes/inhibit the neurotransmitter.

Drugs that block the presynaptic auto receptors increase the release of the neurotransmitter, acting agonists

Drug also acts as agonists after synapse by 1) blocking reuptake, or 2) blinding with enzyme that normally destroys the neurotransmitter and prevents the enzyme from working

Front 96

Nuerotransmitters

Back 96

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Dopamine

Norepinephrine

Serotonin

Histamine

Glutamate

GABA

Glycine