Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
True or False? Prokaryotes contain organelles |
False |
|
|
|
True or False? Even though eukaryotes and prokaryotes differ in many ways, the two types of cells still synthesize protein in similar ways. |
False, protein synthesis in the two classes of cells differ because of major structural differences in RNA-protein complexes |
|
|
|
Cells become specialized through this type of _____, or maturation so that some cells eventually perform one kind of function. |
Differentiation |
|
|
|
Name the 8 chief cellular functions. |
Movement, Metabolic Absorption Communication, Conductivity Respiration, Reproduction Secretion, Excretion |
MMCC, RRSE |
|
|
What 2 cellular functions occur in ALL types of cells? |
Metabolic Absorption & Excretion |
|
|
|
In regards to the 8 chief cellular functions, the key function for nerve cells is what? |
Conductivity |
|
|
|
The _____ is the largest membrane bound organelle. |
Nucleus |
|
|
|
The nucleus contains these 3 important components. |
Nucleolus, DNA, & Histones (DNA-binding proteins) |
|
|
|
The nucleolus is largely composed of what? |
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) |
|
|
|
True or False? The DNA "chain" in Eukaryotes is extremely strong and not easily separated. |
False, The DNA "chain" in eukaryotic cells is so long that it is easily broken, therefore the histones that bind to the DNA cause DNA to fold into chromosomes, which decreases the risk of breakage and is essential for cell division in eukaryotes. |
|
|
|
The _____ is the part of the cytoplasm composed of an aqueous solution that fills the cytoplasmic matrix. |
Cytosol |
|
|
|
The _____ is the material within a cell, excluding the cell nucleus. It is comprised of cytosol and the organelles. |
Cytoplasm |
|
|
|
True or False? Functions of the plasma membrane include mobility, cell-to-cell recognition, and maintenance of cellular shape. |
True |
|
|
|
Which has a higher percentage of proteins? The plasma membrane or the intracellular membranes of organelles. |
The intracellular membranes of organelles have a higher percentage of proteins presumably because most enzymatic activity occurs within organelles |
|
|
|
True or False? Most enzymatic activity occurs within the cytoplam. |
False, most enzymatic activity occurs within the intracelluar membranes of the organelles. |
|
|
|
The lipid bilayer can be structured in three main phases, what are these phases? |
The solid gel phase, the fluid liquid-crystalline phase, and the liquid ordered phase |
|
|
|
In regards to the lipid bilayer, lipids and proteins are not uniformly distributed but can separate into discrete units called _____. |
Microdomains |
|
|
|
This term means to have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components. |
Amphipathic |
|
|
|
True or False? Lipids are said to be polar? |
True, they have both charged and uncharged parts. |
|
|
|
True or False? The lipid tail is hydrophobic. |
True, lipids consist of their hydrophobic tail and the hydrophilic head |
|
|
|
True or False? The lipid tail is hydrophilic? |
False, lipids consist of their hydrophobic tail and the hydrophilic head |
|
|
|
True or False? The phosopholipid head is hydrophilic? |
True, lipids consist of their hydrophobic tail and the hydrophilic head |
|
|
|
True or False? The Phospholipid head is hydrophobic? |
False, lipids consist of their hydrophobic tail and the hydrophilic head |
|
|
|
True or False? Oxygen and carbon dioxide can diffuse through the cellular membrane freely. |
True, oxygen and carbon dioxide are lipid soluble molecules. |
|
|
|
A _____ is made from a chain of amino acids known as polypeptides |
protein |
|
|
|
A protein is made from a chain of amino acids known as _____. |
Polypeptides |
|
|
|
How many types of amino acids are found in proteins? |
20 |
|
|
|
True or False? Each type of protein has a unique sequence of amino acids. |
True |
|
|
|
After the synthesis of proteins from RNA, the protein may go through a modification to diversify the limited numbers of proteins that are generated. What is this modification called? |
Posttranslational Modification (PTMs) |
|
|
|
_____ is the study of proteomes. |
Proteomics |
|
|
|
The _____ is the entire set of proteins expressed by a genome from synthesis, translocation, and modification. |
Proteome |
|
|
|
The plasma membrane structure is determined by the lipid bilayer, but the membrane functions are determined largely by what? |
Proteins |
|
|
|
Proteins attach to the plasma membrane in 4 different ways, what are they? |
Transmembrane, Monolayer-associated Alpha helix, Lipid-linked, and the Protein-attached. (page 8 in pathophysiology book) |
|
|
|
True or False? Malfunction or failure of the proteostatsis network is associated with human disease. |
True, proteostasis is the term used for protein homeostasis within the cell. When the proteins aren't working correctly, the cell does not function correctly. |
|
|
|
_____ are short chains of sugars or carbohydrates known as oligosaccharides. |
Carbohydrates |
|
|
|
When carbohydrates are bound to proteins they are known as what? |
Glycoproteins |
|
|
|
When carbohydrates are bound to lipids they are known as what? |
Glycolipids |
|
|
|
Long polysaccharide chains attached to membrane proteins are called what? |
Proteoglycans |
|
|
|
True or False? All of the carbohydrate on the glycoproteins, glycolipids, and proteoglycans is located on the outside of the plasma membrane. |
True, this carbohydrate coating is called they glycocalx and gives a slimy surface to assist the mobility of other cells. |
|
|
|
Cellular _____ are protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that can recognize and bind with specific smaller molecules called ligands. |
Receptors |
|
|
|
True or False? Cellular receptors are only outside of the plasma membrane. |
False, cellular receptors can be located on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, and in the nucleus. |
|
|
|
Cellular receptors bind with specific smaller molecules called _____. |
Ligands |
|
|
|
The region of a protein that associates with a ligand is called the what? |
Binding site |
|
|
|
True or False? Infectious agents and drugs can be considered ligands. |
True |
|
|
|
A type of receptor that induces an immune response is called a(n) _____ receptor, they bind bacteria, viruses, and parasites to the cell membrane. |
Antigen |
|
|
|
What are the three ways that cells can be linked to each other? |
1. Cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane 2. The extracellular Matrix 3. Specialized Cell Junctions |
|
|
|
True or False? Cells can be united by attachment to one another OR they can be united by the extracellular matrix. |
The extracellular Matrix |
|
|
|
This is an intricate mesh work of fibrous proteins embedded in a watery, gel-like substance composed of complex carbohydrates that has the consistency of glue to help cells connect or adhere with one another. |
The extracellular Matrix |
|
|
|
Interwoven in the extracellular matrix are three macro-molecules, what are these macro-molecules? |
1. Collagen 2. Elastin 3. Fibronectin |
|
|
|
The extracellular matrix and the cells within it are known collectively as what? |
Connective Tissue |
|
|
|
_____ tissue interconnects cells to form tissues and organs. |
Connective tissue |
|
|
|
True or False? Human connective tissues can take different forms such as soft, hard, flexible, etc... |
True, they can be hard and dense, like bone; flexible, like tendons or the dermis of the skin; resilient and shock abosrbing, like cartilage; or soft and transparent, similar to the jelly-like substance that fills the eye. |
|
|
|
The extracellular matrix is secreted by what type of cell? |
Fibroblasts (Fiber formers) |
|
|
|
True or False? The extracellular matrix (connective tissue) is used only as a scaffolding for cellular attachment. |
False, the matrix is not just passive scaffolding for cellular attachment but also helps regulate the function of the cells with which it interacts. The matrix helps regulate such important functions as cell growth and differentiation. |
|
|
|
True or False? The extracellular matrix helps regulate cell growth and differentiation. |
True |
|
|
|
Cell junctions are classified by their ______. |
Functions |
|
|
|
Cells in direct physical contact with neighboring cells are often interconnected at specialized plasma membrane regions called what? |
Cell Junctions |
|
|
|
Cell _____ make the epithelium leak-proof and mediate mechanical attachment of one cell to another allowing for communication tunnels and maintaining cell polarity.
|
Junctions |
|
|
|
True or False? Cell junctions help to maintain cell polarity. |
True |
|
|
|
Cell junctions can be classified into what 2 classifications. |
Symmetrical and Asymmetrical |
|
|
|
All of the junctions that adhere cells together are known collectively as the what?
|
Junctional Complex |
|
|
|
What type of cellular junction prevents diffusion, prevents the movement of substances through transport proteins in the plasma membrane, and prevents the leakage of small molecules between the plasma membranes of adjacent cells. |
Tight Junctions |
|
|
|
What type of cellular junctions use clusters of communicating tunnels (Connexins) that allow ions and molecules to pass directly from the inside of one cell to the inside of another? |
Gap Junctions |
|
|
|
What is the most abundant human connexin? |
Connexin 43 (Cx43) |
|
|
|
True or False? The junctional complex is a tightly sealed part of the plasma membrane. |
False, the junctional complex is a highly permeable part of the plasma membrane. |
|
|
|
The junctional complex permeability is controlled by a process called what? |
Gating, increased levels of cytoplasmic calcium cause decreased permeability at the junctional complex; gating enables uninjured cells to protect themselves from injured neighbors as the calcium is released from the adjacent injured cells.
|
|
|
|
What are the 3 main ways that cells communicate with one another? |
1. Receptors 2. Receptor proteins inside the target cell are affected and a signal molecule enters the cell to bind to them. 3. Gap junctions Page 12 |
|
|
|
True or False? Alterations in cellular communication affect disease onset and progression. |
True |
|
|
|
True or False? Secreted chemical signals involve communication locally only. |
False, secreted chemical signals involve communication locally and at a distance. |
|
|
|
What type of cellular communication requires the cells to be in contact with one another to transmit a signal? |
Contact-dependent Signaling
|
|
|
|
In what type of cellular communication do signal cells secrete local chemical mediators? |
Paracrine Signaling |
|
|
|
In what type of cellular communication do signal cells secrete global mediators (i.e., the mediators travel through the blood)? |
Hormonal Signaling |
|
|
|
In what type of cellular communication do neurosecretory neurons release mediators into the blood? |
Neurohormonal signaling |
|
|
|
Neurons communicate directly with the cells they innervate by releasing what? |
Neurotransmitters |
|
|
|
The place where neurons release their neurotransmitters to the target cell is called what? |
The Chemical Synapse |
The Chemical _____. |
|
|
What is apoptosis? |
Programmed cell death |
|
|
|
All of the chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functions are referred to as what? |
Cellular metabolism |
|
|
|
Define Cellular Metabolism |
All the chemical reactions that must take place to keep the cell functional. |
|
|
|
The energy-using process of metabolism is called what? |
Anabolism |
|
|
|
The energy-releasing process of metabolism is called what? |
Catabolism (Kuh-TAB-oh-liz-em) |
|
|
|
Plasma membrane receptors belong to one of three classes, what are these three classes? |
1. Ion Channel Coupled 2. Enzyme Coupled 3. G-Protein Coupled Page 15 |
|
|
|
What does ATP stand for? |
Adenosine Triphosphate |
|
|
|
Catabolism is divided into three phases, what are these three phases in order? |
1. Digestion 2. Glycolysis (Oxidation) 3. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs or TCA) |
|
|
|
How many ATP's are gained from one molecule of glucose? |
2 ATP net, 2 are used and 4 are made, thus 2 are gained. |
|
|
|
True or False? Oxygen must be present for glycolysis to occur. |
False, glycolysis does not use oxygen BUT, there is a term anaerobic glycolysis that means the pyruvate turns to lactic acid, even though this step is technically not in glycolysis. |
|
|
|
Where does glycolysis occur in the cell? |
In the Cytosol |
|
|
|
True or False? The cytosol and cytoplasm are synonymous for one another. |
False, the cytosol and the cytoplasmic matrix are synonymous for one another |
|
|
|
True or False? The cytosol and the cytoplasmic matrix are synonymous for one another. |
True |
|
|
|
True or False? The cytoplasmic matrix and the cytoplasm are synonymous for one another |
False, they cytoplasmic matrix and the cytosol are synonymous for one another |
|
|
|
True or False? The krebs cycle takes place in the cytosol of prokaryotes. |
True, in eukaryotes, the krebs cycle takes place in the Matrix of the mitochondria. |
|
|
|
This process occurs within the mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP. |
Oxidative Phosphorylation |
|
|
|
Enzyme is the biological catalyst, but the _____ is the factor which binds to the enzyme and facilitates the catalysis. |
Co-enzyme |
|
|
|
How do cells without mitochondria still get ATP? |
Glycolysis, which occurs in the cytosol just as cells that have mitochondria. |
|
|
|
True or False? Anaerobic generations of ATP is more efficient than aerobic generation of ATP. |
False, aerobic generation is much more efficient than anaerobic generation. |
|
|
|
If oxygen is present during the linking step, what happens next, and where does it occur? |
The Kreb cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria |
|
|
|
If oxygen is present in the linking step, does NAD become reduced or does NADH become oxidized? |
NAD is reduced to NADH, in anaerobic respiration NADH is oxidized back into NAD |
|
|
|
True or False? Each type of cell membrane has its own transport proteins that determine which solute can pass into and out of the cell or organelle. |
True |
|
|
|
What are the 2 main classes of membrane transport proteins? |
1. Transporters 2. Channels |
|
|
|
Cellular mediated transport systems can move solutes one at a time, or multiples at a time in the same or opposite directions. The sodium potassium pump system is considered to be what which system? |
It is an antiport, meaning that the solutes move in opposite directions. |
|
|
|
What are the 3 types of cell mediated transport systems? |
1. Symport: Solutes travel in same direction 2. Antiport: Solutes travel in opposite direction 3. Uniport: Only one solute is transported at a time |
|
|
|
_____ are electrically charged solutes that dissociate into constituent ions when placed into a solution. |
Electrolytes |
|
|
|
True or False? Electrolytes do not have to dissociate in a solution to be considered an electrolyte. |
False, they must dissociate to become ions, if they do not dissociate they are considered non-electrolytes |
|
|
|
Body fluids are composed of electrolytes and _____. |
Non-electrolytes such as glucose, urea, and creatinine. |
|
|
|
True or False? Non-electrolytes account for approximately 95% of the solute molecules in body water. |
False, electrolytes account for approximately 95% of the solute molecules in the body water. |
|
|
|
True or False? Divalent ions combine more strongly than monovalent ions |
True |
|
|
|
Pores in the lipid bilayer are often lined with calcium which causes sodium and potassium to diffuse slower. Why is this? |
Calcium, sodium, and potassium are all cations and thus the calcium repels the sodium and potassium as it diffuses through. |
|
|
|
True or False? The diffusion rate is influenced by differences of electrical potential across the membrane.
|
True |
|
|
|
_____ is the movement of water and solutes through a membrane because of a greater pushing power. |
Filtration |
|
|
|
The mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes is termed what? |
Hydrostatic Pressure |
|
|
|
What causes filtration of cell membranes to occur? |
Hydrostatic pressure |
|
|
|
True or False? Osmosis is directly related to both particle size and weight. |
False, osmosis is directly related to both hydrostatic pressure and solute concentration but NOT to particle size or weight. |
|
|
|
Does osmolality measure the weight or the volume in regards to concentration? |
Osmolality measures weight. Milliosmoles per kilogram of solution. |
|
|
|
Does osmolarity measure the weight or the volume in regards to concentration? |
Osmolarity measures the volume. Milliosmoles per liter of solution. |
Molars take up room in my mouth but, i cannot feel a weight difference between them and my other teeth. |
|
|
True or False? When considereing solutes such as proteins, glucose, and lipids, the osmolality will be greater than the osmolarity because of the small proportion of water and thus osmolality is preferred in human clinical assessment. |
True |
|
|
|
True or False? Osmolality and Osmolarity should be relatively similar. |
False, if there are few but heavy molecules present in the plasma then the osmolality will be increased and osmolarity won't be as affected. |
|
|
|
What is the normal osmolality of body fluids? |
270 to 290 mOsm/kg |
Sodium = 135-145 x 2 |
|
|
The osmolality gives us a sense of the body's ______ status. |
Hydration |
|
|
|
Define osmotic pressure. |
The amount of hydrostatic pressure it takes to oppose the osmotic movement of water. |
|
|
|
When osmotic activity is sustained, meaning the two sides of the permeable membrane are not in equilibrium and osmotic pressure is actively pulling water in or out, it is called what? |
Effective osmolality |
|
|
|
The overall osmotic effect of colloids, such as plasma proteins, is called the what? |
Oncototic pressure OR colloid osmotic pressure. |
|
|
|
In regards to the sodium potassium ion pump, fore every ATP molecule hydrolyzed, ______ molecules of sodium are transported out of the cell, and _____ potassium molecules are transferred into the cell. |
3 Na ions out, 2 K ions in |
|
|
|
The sodium potassium pump causes which side of the cell to become more negative?
|
It pushes more sodium ions out than potassium cells in causing more cations to be extracellular, thus creating a more negative interior. |
|
|
|
True or False? The active transport mechanisms by which the cells move large macromolecules across the plasma membrane are very different from those that mediate small solute and ion transport.
|
True, transport of macromolecules involves the sequential formation and fusion of membrane -bound vesicles |
|
|
|
What are the two types of endocytosis? |
Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis |
|
|
|
Vesicles that bud from membranes have a particular protein coat on their cytosolic surface and are called what? |
Coated vesicles |
|
|
|
Coated vesicles have an outer coat of bristle-like structures made up of the protein _____. |
Clathrin |
|
|
|
An _____ is the vesicle pinched off from endocytosis. |
Endosome |
|
|
|
True or False? Both pinocytosis and phagocytosis require metabolic energy. |
True |
|
|
|
In eukaryotic cells, secretion of macromolecules almost always occurs by what? |
Exocytosis |
|
|
|
Exocytosis has two main functions, what are they? |
1. replacement of plasma membrane lost to endocytosis 2. Release of molecules synthesized by the cells to the extracellular matrix |
|
|
|
True or False? A resting cell is said to be polarized. |
True |
|
|
|
In regards to polarization, as sodium moves into the cell, the cell is said to be going through what? |
Depolarization |
|
|
|
In regards to electrical activity, when the sodium-potassium gates close and sodium is rushing back out of the cell, the cell is said to be what? |
Repolarizing, remember a cell at its resting state is polarized. |
|
|
|
True or False? When a cell and the extracellular matrix are in equilibrium of sodium and potassium, the cell is said to be polarized. |
False, the cell needs to have more cations in the exterior than inside to create a more negative charge on the inside creating polarity.
|
|
|
|
True or False? All body cells are electrically polarized. |
True |
|
|
|
The difference in electrical charge (voltage) between the cell and the extracellular matrix is known as what? |
The resting membrane potential |
|
|
|
True or False? The resting membrane potential is roughly -45 to -65 mV. |
False, it is around -70 to -80 mV |
|
|
|
How many millivolts are in 1 volt? |
There are 1000 milivolts in 1 volt OR there are .001 volts in 1 millivolt |
|
|
|
True or False? Because both sodium and potassium are cations, the net result in an excess of anions inside the cell, resulting in the resting membrane potential. |
aa |
|
|
|
The _____ potential carries signals along the nerve or muscle cell and conveys information from one cell to another in a domino-like fashion. |
Action |
|
|
|
True or False? Depolarization occurs when the membrane potential decreases from a negative value to zero. |
True |
|
|
|
True or False? To generate an action potential and the resulting depolarization, the threshold potential must be reached. |
True |
|
|
|
True or False? A nerve creates an action potential for a cell and once the cell has reached its threshold potential (usually depolarized by 15 to 20 mV), the cell will continue to depolarize with NO further stimulation.
|
True Page 24-24 |
|
|
|
When the membrane potential is more negative than normal, the cell is said to be in a _____ state. |
HYPERpolarized state |
|
|
|
When the membrane potential is more positive than normal, the cell is said to be in a _____ state. |
HYPOpolarized state |
|
|
|
True or False? A cell is more excitable when it is hyperpolarized (more negative than normal). |
False, it is less excitable |
|
|
|
True or False? A cell is more excitable when it is hypopolarized (more positive than normal). |
True
|
|
|
|
True or False? When there are more than a normal amount of potassium ions in the ICF the cell is more excitable. |
True, the cell is hypopolarized at this moment. |
|
|
|
When a cell is hyperpolarized, does it have more or less potassium ions in the ICF than normal? |
Less, when a cell is hyperpolarized it is more negative, meaning more potassium ions on the outside creating a concentration gradient on the inside of chloride ions. |
|
|
|
When a cell is hypopolarized, does it have more or less potassium ions in the ICF than normal? |
More, it is less negative and is very excitable.
|
|
|
|
True or False? During most of the action potential, the plasma membrane cannot respond to an additional stimulus. |
True |
|
|
|
True or False? During most of the action potential, the plasma membrane is very excitable and susceptible to other stimuli. |
False, during most of the action potential, the plasma membrane cannot respond to an additional stimulus. |
|
|
|
During the latter phase of the action potential, when permeability to potassium increases, a stronger-than-normal stimulus can evoke an action potential; this time is known as the what? |
Relative Refractory Period Page 25 |
|
|
|
True or False? When the sodium and potassium channels are closed, this time is known as the absolute refractory period. |
True |
|
|
|
True or False? For an Action potential to occur, the threshold potential must be reached. |
True |
|
|
|
True or False? Ions are generally impermeable to the phospholipid bilayer (cell membrane). |
True |
|
|
|
True or False? Ions are generally permeable to the phospholipid bilayer, allowing essential electrolytes into the cell. |
False, generally ions are impermeable to the cell membrane.
|
|
|
|
This organelle consists of a network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It specializes in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles. |
The Endoplasmic Reticulum |
|
|
|
This organelle is responsible for processing and packaging proteins into secretory vesicles that break away and migrate to a variety of intracellular and extracellular destinations |
The Golgi Complex |
|
|
|
_____ are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes to bread down cellular substances to their basic form. |
Lysosomes |
|
|
|
True or False? Cellular injury leads to a release of lysosomal enzymes, causing cellular self-digestion (Suicide). |
True |
|
|
|
_____ are similar to lysosomes but contain enzymes theat either produce or use hydrogen peroxide. |
Peroxisomes |
|
|
|
A lysosome that has enzymes that produce H2O2 are not lysosomes, rather they are called what? |
Peroxisomes |
|
|
|
The basement membrane is a tough layer of extracellular matrix underlying the epithelium of many organs; it is also called the what? |
Basal Lamina
|
|
|
|
The basement membrane is a tough layer of _____ underlying the epithelium of many organs; it is also called the basal lamina. |
Extracellular Matrix |
|
|
|
True or False? Energy is stored by molecules of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein, which, when catabolized, transfers energy to ATP. |
True Page 35 |
|
|
|
True or False? Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP |
True Page 35 |
|
