Bio

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Autosomes

Back 1

Chromosomes that arent sex chromosomes

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Haploid

Back 2

Half of the chromosome number

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Diploid

Back 3

Normal amount of chromosomes. Teice haploid

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Mitosis

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Cell devision

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Meosis

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results in 4 daughter cells .production of sex cell

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Genotype

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Genetic composistion of an organism(Tt) dominant

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Phenotype

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What u look like. The way the genes are expressed

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Karyotype

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Amount of genes

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Somatic cells

Back 9

Any cell other than reproductive cells

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Chromosomes

Back 10

Thread like structure of a nuceic acids and protiend. Carry genetic information in the form of genes. Found in nucleus

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Gene

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Material that controls which traits are expressed in an organism

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Codominant

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When both alleles are equally strong and are both visable. Example. When both chickens are crossed the result is not black and white it is grey. Also roan

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Allele

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Are different possiblities for a given trait. Alternative forms of genes. TT or Tt

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Recessive

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Only visble when paired with an other recessive gene

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Homozygous

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Both alleles are the same

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Heterozygous

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When alleles occur in different forms. 1 dominance 1 recessive

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Multiple alleles

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A trait contolled by more than 2 alleles

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Linkage

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Ttaits that tend to be inherited together as a consequence of an association between genes

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XX

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Girl

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Xy

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Boy

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Gamete

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A mature haploid male or female cell. Forms zygote

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Locus

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Location of gene

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Zygote

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A diploid cell resulting from fusion of 2 haploid gamates

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Ethics

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Moral principals that govern a persons behavior of an activity

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Mutation

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Occur when there are structual changes to the genetic material in both the chromosome structure

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Types of mutations. Substitution

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A nucleotide is replayed by another type

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Inversion

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The addition of one or two nucleotides in a gene sequence

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Deletion

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Loss of nucleotides

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Messanger RNA or mRNA

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Ribonucleic acid formed in the nucleus during gene transcriprion. Its sequence being complementary to DNA. travel to cytoplasm

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Protien synthesis

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Process used by the body to make protiens. Step 1. Transcription

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Transcription

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mRNA copies DNA

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Homologous

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Having same structual features and patterns of a gene

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Sex chromosomes

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A chromosome concerned with determining sex of an organism

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Linked genes

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Genes found near each other on the same chromosome

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Crossing over

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The exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes tesulting in a mixtute of patental characteristics in offspring

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Lethal alleles

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Alleles that cause death as a result of mutation

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Polygenic characteristics

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Traits controlled by mofs than one gene. Eg height skin hair and eye colour

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Pedigree

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A record of ancestry or linkage of a persons family

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Multiple alleles

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One series of 3 or more alternative alleic form of a gene

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Sex linkage

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The phenotypic expression of an allele that is dependent on the gender of an individual

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Incomplete dominance

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One allele for a specific trait is not completley expressed. This results in a third phenotype in which the expressed physical trait os a combination of the phenotype of both alleles

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Process of protein creation

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DNA is transcribed to make mRNA which is translatee to make make protien which makes us

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Point mutation

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A mutation affecting only one or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence

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Spontaneous mutation

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Something in the process of replicating DNA goes wrong.

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Induced mutation

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Cause by the environment

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Inversion

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The addition of one or more nucleotides in a gene sequence

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Deletion

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Loss of nucleotides

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Substitution

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A nucleotide is replaced by another nucleotide type

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Nonsense mutation

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Creates a stop codon where nine previously exsisted

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Missense mutation

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Changes the code of mRNA

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RNA

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Contains sugar ribose. Single strand. Uracil

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tRNA

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Transfer amino acids to ribosomes

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DNA replication

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DNA gyrase. Helicase. Single strand binding proteins. DNA polymerase. Sub unit of DNA polymerase. DNA ligase. Automatically winds up again

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Transcription

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Takes info codes in DNA and encodes it into mRNA. Nuclus to cytoplasm

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Translation

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mRNA works with a ribosome and tRNA to synthesise protein

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Dna replication

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Helicase unwinds double helix. Top strand-leading strand and bottom strand-lagging strand. Both are used as templatesto create 2 complementary sna strands. LS- rna primase then an enzyme called dna ploymerase adds matching nuclotides to main stem. LS- rna primase then dna polymerase copies complementary nucleotide. Another kind of dna polymerase has to replace rna peimase. Then fragments get joined up by dna ligase