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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4.6 billion years ago
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origin of the earth
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3.8 billion years ago
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prokaryotes
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2.7 billion years ago
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cyanobacteria
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1.7 billion years ago
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eukaryotes
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1.3 billion years ago
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multicelluarity
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140,000 years ago
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modern humans
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3.5 million years ago
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oldest human ancestors
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describe eukaryotes
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contains nucleus and alot of membrane bound organelles-human cells
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describe prokaryote
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no nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles
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name signs of life
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metabolism, composed of cells, homeostasis, respond to stimuli, growth and reproduction, populations evolve, contain DNA and RNA
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heirarchy of living things
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domain, kingdom, phylan, class, order, family, genus, species
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out of the hierarchy of living things what 2 are binomial nomenclature
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genus and species
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what is taxonomy
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classifing animals into groups
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what are the classifications of taxonomy
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the 3 domain system
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describe eukaryotes
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contains nucleus and alot of membrane bound organelles-human cells
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what is a protistians-single cell, fungi-multicelluar, plants-multi cellular,and animals-heterophs
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eukaryotes
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bacteria
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prokaryotes
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what defines us as species
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bipedalism-walking on 2 legs, opposable thumbs, large brain, complex language, culture, morality, emotions
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these exist and can cause organisms and populations to vary
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genetic variation, adoptions-traits of individuals, natural selection, and evolution
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list the limits of science
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we cannot prove anything, limited testing on humans, no "right" answers, and what about non physical events?
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critical thinking
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gather complete info, understand all terms, examine the big picture, question the methods and source of facts, and learn how to read figures
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name the classes of carbohydrates
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monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
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what is the subunit of carbohydates
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monosaccharides
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what are the macromolecules
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carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
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what is the subunit of lipids
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usually fatty acids and glycerol
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what is essential in membrane function
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lipids
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what are the classes of lipids
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fats, phospholipids, steroids, and singlebond=saturated fats
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what are the classes of lipids
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fats, phospholipids, steroids, and singlebond=saturated fats
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what is the subunit of proteins
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amino acids
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what is the smallest unti of living things
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cells
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true or false-cells being smaller make them more different
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true
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describe diffusion
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passive transport-high concentration to low concentration- down gradient
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describe transport
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needs energy-low to high-up the gradient
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what is endocytosis and exocytosis
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process of mvoing large molecules in or out of the cell or large objects
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which one is in and out-exo and endo
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endo is in, exo is out
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what is phagocytosis
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cells engolfing large objects
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what houses DNA
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nucleus
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what are the 2 kinds of endoplasmic reticulum
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rough (RER) and smooth (SER)
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wha is a function of ribosomes
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they make protein and read DNA
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what does SER do
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involved in lipid production
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what does RER do
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involved with ribosomes
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what is translation
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when protein is made from RNA
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what is golgi apparatus
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flatten stack of membrane, process, tags and distributes proteins
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what is lysosomes
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membrane-bound structure full of enzymes
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what is cytoskeleton
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internal network of proetin and gives the cell structure
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what is the mitochondria
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membrane-bound, makes energy in the form of ATP
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what are cells with mitochondria
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muscle
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name the 4 types of microscopes
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light, electron, transmission-2d, scanning-3d
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what is ATP
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energy currency of the cell
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describe metabolism in humans
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aerobic respiration, and fermentation-short burst of enegy
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what is chemiosmosis
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hydrogen being moved across the cell to create ATP
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describe fermentatio
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lack of oxygen, occurs in cytoplasm, makes 2 ATP per glucose, and results in lactic acid(in humans)
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describe the human genome
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all the collective DNA in the nucleus, 46 chromosomes in body cells, 22 pairs of autosomes-body pairs, 1 pair of ex chromosomes, the pairs come from the parents
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describe the human genome project
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1990, sequence of all bases in order of a human genome, of all a couple people
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what is a gene
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portion of DNA that makes a functionally unti
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state another fact about a gene
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they can be made just into RNA
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what determines our gene expression
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proteins, RNA, epigentics?
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what happens in interphase
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DNA is copied
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what happens in mitosis
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DNA is split equally into 2 daughter cells (nuclear division)
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what happens in cytokinesis
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parent cell is cleared in half (including the cytoplasm)
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what are the 4 stages of mitosis
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase and cytokinesis
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what are functions of mitosis in humans
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repair and replacement, growth
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do all cells divide the same?
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no
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what is the difference in cells
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rate, period of life, and type of cell
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how many protein coding regions are in a gene
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20-25,000
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how do normal cells deal with DNA damage
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detect damage, stop cell division, repair damage if possible or activate cell death if necessary
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what we think leads to cancer
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more than one DNA mutation is needed and epigenetic tags are altered
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what is cancer cell behavior
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genetically altered, do not adhere, unlimited cell division, abscence of cell death, growth of new blood vessels(angiogenesis), and able to invade and move to new tissues(metastasis)
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what is a benign tumor
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not cancerous
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what is hyperplasia
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increase in cell division; can be a normal response in the body or it can lead to a tumor
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what is dysplasia
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cells are not normal
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cancer risk factors
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tobacco use, high fats and low fiber diet, lack of exercise and obesity, excess alcohol consumption, increasing, and family history
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treatments for cancer
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older treatments(kills cells)- chemotherapy and radiation. newer treatments- selective toward cells, viruses, epigentic drugs, silence genes through RNA pieces, vaccines, and nanoparticles
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main tissue types
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epithelial-glands, connective-throughout body, nervous- tissue that makes up nervous sytstem, and muscle
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what are the 3 domain systems
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bacteria, eukarya, and archaea
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what is the domain bacteria
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prokaryotes
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what is in the domain archaea
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not know to cause human disease
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