Bio 7 La City College Hormones & Endocrine System

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pheromones

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airborne chemical signals that influence mating, dominance, family ties, and maturation in animals

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bombykol

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hormone secreted by female silk moths to attract male moth

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androstenone

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induces female pig to prepare for mating

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vomeronasal organ

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organ that senses pheromones

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hormones

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chemical messengers that convey info via bloodstream to target cells throughout body

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target cells

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cells equipped to respond to a certain hormone

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classes of hormones

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1) proteins and peptides
2) amines from amino acids
3) steroids

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hypothalamus & pituitary gland

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organs that control much of endocrine system

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receptors for most water-soluble hormones

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located in the plasma membrane of target cells

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receptors for most lipid-based hormones

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located inside of cell cytoplasm or nucleus

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4 types of non-hormone regulators

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1) neurotransmitters
2) cytokines and growth factors
3) nitric oxide
4) prostaglandins

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3 types of neurotransmitters

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1) dopamine
2) ACh
3) serotonin

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dopamine

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increases heart rate and blood pressure

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ACh

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In CNS, causes excitatory action
In PNS, activates muscles

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serotonin

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In brain, regulates mood, appetite, & anger
In gut, regulates intestinal movement

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cytokines & growth factors

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involved in cellular communication, especially by immune cells

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nitric oxide

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causes vasodilation

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prostaglandins

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lipid-based chemical signals that have various functions (clot formation, vasodilation)

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hormones produced by hypothalamus

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1) anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
2) oxytocin
3) trophic hormones

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hormones that hypothalamus sends to posterior pituitary

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1) anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
2) oxytocin

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trophic hormones

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hormones from hypothalamus that act on other endocrine glands

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oxytocin

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induces uterine contractions & milk secretion, believed to play role in bonding/love

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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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promotes water re-absorption in kidney

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list of eight anterior pituitary hormones

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1) FSH 5) prolactin
2) LH 6) MSH
3) TSH 7) GH
4) ACTH 8) endorphins

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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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hormone that causes development of egg

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luteinizing hormone (LH)

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hormone that causes ovulation

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thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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hormone that causes thyroid to release its hormones

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adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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hormone that causes adrenal gland to release its hormones

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prolactin

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hormone that stimulates lactation in mammals

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melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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hormone that causes production of melanin

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growth hormone (GH)

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hormone that promotes skeletal and muscular growth

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endorphins

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hormone that inhibits pain

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(cause of) pituitary dwarfism

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(result of) insufficient GH during childhood/ adolescence

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(symptoms of) pituitary dwarfism

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(cause of) short but proportionate stature

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(cause of) gigantism

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(result of) excessive GH during childhood/ adolescence

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(symptoms of) gigantism

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(cause of)
1) tall but proportionate stature
2) circulatory & skeletal problems

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(cause of) acromegaly

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(result of) excessive GH during adulthood

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(symptoms of) acromegaly

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(cause of)
1) disproportionately large hands, feet, and face
2) diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, arthritis

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list of 3 hormones produced by thyroid gland

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1) triiodothyronine (T3)
2) thyroxine (T4)
3) calcitonin

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adrenal hormones (respond to?)

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stress (causes release of?)

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T3 & T4

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iodine-containing hormones that regulate metabolism

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two glands in adrenal gland

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1) adrenal medulla
2) adrenal cortex

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calcitonin

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1) causes calcium in blood to absorb into bones
2) promotes excretion of calcium via kidneys

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adrenal medulla (location)

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inside part of adrenal gland

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(symptoms of) hyperthyroidism

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Graves disease, goiter, ADD, weight loss, increased appetite

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adrenal cortex (location)

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outside part of adrenal gland

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(symptoms of) hypothyroidism

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weight gain, weakness & tiredness, heart attack, stroke, cretinism

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catecholamines (secreted by?)

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type of hormone secreted by adrenal medulla

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(cause of) cretinism

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insufficient thyroid hormones during fetal period & early infancy

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two types of catecholamines

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1) epinephrine (adrenaline)
2) norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

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parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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1) takes calcium from bone to blood
2) causes kidney to reabsorb calcium
3) causes kidney & liver to activate vitamin D

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(other name for) adrenaline

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(other name for) epinephrine

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PTH & calcitonin

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antagonistic hormones that regulate calcium homeostasis in mammals

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(results of) catecholamines

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(hormone that causes) heart rate increase, blood flow increase by vasodilation, O2 to muscles and glucose to brain

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calcitrol

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active form of vitamin D

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adrenaline (nickname)

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fight or flight hormone

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hormones secreted by pancreas

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insulin & glucagon

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catecholamines can be used to treat this problem

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(hormones that can treat) allergic reactions

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antagonistic hormones that maintain glucose homeostasis

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insulin & glucagon

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3 hormones secreted by adrenal cortex

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1) glucocorticoids
2) mineralocorticoids
3) sex hormones

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cortisol

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example of glucocorticoid

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aldosterone

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example of mineralocorticoid

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testosterone

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example of sex hormone

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(function of) glucocorticoids

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hormone that 1) maintains glucose level in blood, 2) regulates metabolism, 3) suppresses inflammatory response

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(function of) mineralocorticoids

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hormone that regulates salt and water balance via kidney

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(cause of) Addison disease

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(result of) low glucocorticoids

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(symptoms of) Addison disease

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(cause of) bronzing of skin, low blood pressure, dehydration, weakness

fatal if untreated

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(cause of) Cushing syndrome

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(result of) high glucocorticoids

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(symptoms of) Cushing syndrome

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(cause of) fat deposits in midsection, weight gain

may get diabetes

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list of 3 gonadal sex hormones

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1) androgens
2) estrogen
3) progestins

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androgens (testosterone)

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hormones that
1) stimulate development & maintenance of male reproductive system
2) increase muscle/ skeletal mass

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estrogen

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hormone that
1) maintains female reproductive system
2) promotes development of female secondary sex characteristics

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progestins (progesterone)

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hormone that is involved in preparing and maintaining uterus for pregnancy

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melatonin (secreted by?)

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pineal gland (secretes what?)

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melatonin (causes?)

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hormone that regulates timing of biological activities including
1) sleep/wake cycles (circadian rhythm)
2) reproduction

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glucagon

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raises blood sugar

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insulin

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lowers blood sugar

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(cause of) diabetes mellitus

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(results in) deficiency of insulin or decreased response to insulin in target tissues

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(signal of) diabetes mellitus

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(shown by) elevated blood glucose levels

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Type I diabetes

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autoimmune disorder: immune system destroys pancreatic beta cells

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Type II diabetes

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involves insulin deficiency or reduced response of cells to insulin

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which diabetes type is reversable?

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type II diabetes (reversable or not?)