Bio 6 Chapter 49 & 50: Nervous System & Sensory & Motor Mechanisms

Front 1

Neurons

Back 1

Nerve Cells

Front 2

Ganglia

Back 2

cluster of neurons

Front 3

Nerve Net

Back 3

Net like pattern of nerves running throughout an animal's body

Front 4

Sensory neurons

Back 4

Transmit info from receptors that detect external stimuli and internal conditions.

Front 5

Internal Neurons

Back 5

Integrate sensory input, considering immediate input while comparing it to past events.

Front 6

Motor neurons

Back 6

transmit information to effector cells in order to carry out a specific response.

Front 7

Effector cells

Back 7

muscle and endocrine cells.

Front 8

Neuron Structure

Back 8

Dendrites, cell body, axon hillock, axon, myelin sheath, synapse.

Front 9

Gila Cells

Back 9

Support cells essential for structural integrity of the nervous system and normal functioning of neurons, 10-50 times more numerous than neurons.

Front 10

Schwann Cells

Back 10

Support cells essential for insulating axons of neurons with a myelin sheath; mostly lipids.

Front 11

Multiple Sclerosis

Back 11

Disease in which the myelin sheath deteriorates, resulting in the progressive loss of body function due to the disruption of nerve signal transmission

Front 12

Action Potentials

Back 12

Membrane potential, action potential, threshold, depolarization, reploarization.

Front 13

Membrane Potentials

Back 13

Electrical voltage across a neuron's membrane (-70 mV) when cell is not transmitting a signal or simply resting (aka resting potential)

Front 14

Action Potential

Back 14

Rapid change in the membrane potential of an excitable cell, caused by stimulus, must pass threshold of -55 mV.

Front 15

Threshold

Back 15

Membrane voltage a stimulus must reach for an action potential to be generated.

Front 16

Depolarization

Back 16

increase in magnitude of an action potential

Front 17

Reploarization

Back 17

decrease in magnitude of an action potential

Front 18

Saltatory Conduction

Back 18

action potential jumps from node to node

Front 19

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 19

gaps between myelin sheath, faster action potential with larger diameter axon and thicker myelin sheathing

Front 20

Synapse

Back 20

gap or space between neurons

Front 21

Chemical synapse

Back 21

neurotransmitter is released from pre-synaptic neuron.

Front 22

Neurotransmitter

Back 22

packaged chemical in vesicles at edge of synaptic gap.

Front 23

Neurotransmitters

Back 23

acetycholine, dopamine/serotoin, endorphin's.

Front 24

Acetycholine

Back 24

excites skeletal muscle and reduces the strength and rate of cardiac muscle contraction, neuromuscular junction.

Front 25

Dopamine/Serotoin

Back 25

Affects sleep, mood, attention, and learning; brain.

Front 26

Endorphins

Back 26

decrease pain perception while producing a sense of euphoria.

Front 27

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Back 27

brain and spinal cord, located on dorsal side of body, surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a blood filtrate.

Front 28

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Back 28

cranial and spinal nerves, cranial nerves originate in the brain and terminate in organs of the head and upper body, spinal nerves originate in the spinal cord and terminate in the lower body. Includes Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system.

Front 29

Somatic Nervous System

Back 29

Carries signals to and from skeletal muscles, mainly in response to external stimuli (voluntary control).

Front 30

Autonomic Nervous system

Back 30

Regulates internal stimuli by controlling smooth and cardiac muscles and organs of digestive, excretory, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems (involuntary). Divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Front 31

Sympathetic division

Back 31

Corresponds to arousal and energy generation; also homeostasis.

Front 32

Parasympathetic division

Back 32

Corresponds to calming, returning to normal functions; also homeostasis.

Front 33

Bipolar Disorder

Back 33

Mood swings, high self esteem, increased energy flow of ideas- increased creativity, increased risk-taking, constant conversation, promiscuity, reckless spending. cause is unknown, Prozac for treatment.

Front 34

Schizophrenia

Back 34

unable to distinguish reality, hallucinations (voices) and delusions (paranoia), blunted emotions, easily distracted, lack of initiative, and lack of conversation. cause is unknown, dopamine receptor blockers for treatment.

Front 35

Parkinson's Disease

Back 35

Progressive motor disorder characterized by slowness and difficulty in initiated movement, rigidity, masked facial expression, muscle tremors, poor balance, flexed posture, and shuffling gait. Cause is neuronal death-loss of dopamine receptors, treatment is dopamine agonists.

Front 36

Alzheimer's Disease

Back 36

Progressive mental deterioration (dementia); characterized by confusion, memory loss, inability to recognize people, personality changes, and physical incapacitation and deterioration. Causes= neuronal death-brain shrinkage, Treatment= Aricept (early stages)-nothing in late stages.

Front 37

Sensory Transduction

Back 37

conversion of stimulus energy into change in membrane potential of a sensory receptor.

Front 38

Amplification

Back 38

strengthening of stimulus energy by cells in sensory pathways (can increase from 10's to 100,000's X's)

Front 39

Transmission

Back 39

conduction of sensory signals to the CNS by neurons or neurotransmitters.

Front 40

Integraton

Back 40

Interpertation of sensory signals with in processing centers of the CNS.

Front 41

Sensory Adaptation

Back 41

Decrease in responsiveness during continued stimulation.

Front 42

Chemoreceptors

Back 42

transmit info about (1) total sloute concentration or (2) individual kinds of molecules

Front 43

Mechanoreceptors

Back 43

Sense physical deformation cause by stimulic (pressure, touch, strech, motion and sound)

Front 44

Electromagnetic receptors

Back 44

detect forms of energy including visible light, electrcity and magnetisim.

Front 45

Photoreceptors

Back 45

light

Front 46

Infrared receptors

Back 46

body heat

Front 47

Electroreceptors

Back 47

electrical impulses

Front 48

Magnetreceptors

Back 48

Magnetic Fields

Front 49

Thermorecptors

Back 49

respond to heat or cold, signaling both surface and body core temperatures

Front 50

Nociceptors

Back 50

pain receptors; class of naked dendrites in the epidermis of the skin

Front 51

Mechanoreceptors Invertebrates

Back 51

Statocysts, statoliths.

Front 52

Mechanoreceptors Vertebrates

Back 52

Uricle/saccule, otoliths.

Front 53

Statocysts

Back 53

Sensory organs that contain mechanoreceptors that detect changes in gravity

Front 54

Statoliths

Back 54

Dense granules in a chamber that detect gravity by position (crustaceons)

Front 55

Uricle/Saccule

Back 55

Chambers in inner ear that respond to changes in head position with respect to gravity.

Front 56

Otoliths

Back 56

CaCo_3 granules in a chamber that detect gravity by position (humans).

Front 57

Invertebrate auditory receptors

Back 57

Hair of varying length for varying frequencies as well as tympanic membrane covering an internal air chamber (house cricket).

Front 58

Vertebrate Auditory Receptors

Back 58

vibrations perceived by tempanic membrane are transmitted across bones of the middle ear (stapes, incus, malleus) to inner ear.

Front 59

Vertebrate Air/Swim Bladder

Back 59

Vibrates in response to sound-transfer to inner ear.

Front 60

Vertebrate Weberian apparatus

Back 60

conducts vibrations from bladder to inner ear (ossicles)

Front 61

Vertebrate Lateral Line System

Back 61

detects low-frequency waves (similar to inner ear).

Front 62

Chemoreceptors Vertebrates Gustation

Back 62

ability to taste chemicals present in solution. Modified epithelial cells located on papillae and organized into taste buds (bitter, salty, sour, sweet, umami).

Front 63

Chemoreceptors Vertebrates Olfaction

Back 63

ability to smell airborne chemicals. Neurons line the nasal cavity, sending impulses directly to the olfactory bulb in brain.

Front 64

Invertebrate Vision Ocelli

Back 64

Light-detecting organ that determines light intensity and direction, no image forming capabilities, found in insects.

Front 65

Invertebrate Vision Compound Eye

Back 65

thousands of light-detectors, each with its own light-focusing lens, mosaic image sharpened by the brain, capable of detecting motion, colors, and ultraviolet light, found in insects.

Front 66

Invertebrate Vision Single Lens Eyes

Back 66

capable of focusing light on a layer of photoreceptors as it enters through a small opening, adjusts to compensate for varying light intensities, focus by moving the lens back and forth, found in spiders, ex. jumping spider.

Front 67

Vertebrate Vision Single Lens Eyes Iris

Back 67

Adjust to regulate the amount of light entering the pupil. Aquatic verterbrates focus by moving the lens back and forth. Terrestral vertebrates focus by altering the shape of the lens (accommodation).

Front 68

Vertebrate Vision Color Vision

Back 68

Found in all vertebrate classes but not all spp. Most fish, amphibians, and birds have color vision. Humans and other primates are among the minority of mammals with color vision.

Front 69

Rods

Back 69

sensitive to light, but cant distinguish colors; nocturnal animals (125 million/ eye).

Front 70

Cons

Back 70

less sensitive to light, can distinguish colors; diurnal animals (6 million/eye)

Front 71

Rhodopsin

Back 71

Visual pigment found in rods. As it absorbs light, it changes shape, making rods unresponsive. Moving from dark to bright light requires several minuets for "bleached" rods to become responsive again.

Front 72

Photopsin

Back 72

three visual pigment found in cones (red, green, blue). Overlapping absorption spectra allows for intermediate hues.

Front 73

Colorblindness

Back 73

Deficiency or absence of one or more types of photopsin.

Front 74

Animal Skeleton Main Functions

Back 74

Support, protection, movement.

Front 75

Body Posture

Back 75

position of legs to main body is an important structural feature in birds and mammals.

Front 76

Hydrostatic Skeleton

Back 76

Fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment; muscles change shape in fluid-filled body compartments. Found in cnidarians, flatworms, nematodes, and annelids.

Front 77

Exoskeleton

Back 77

Hard encasement deposited in the surface of an organism. In arthropods composed of chitin. Exoskeleton periodically shed for growth, found in mollusks and arthropods.

Front 78

Endoskeleton

Back 78

Hard supporting elements buried deep within soft tissue, sponges reinforced with spicules, echinoderms reinforced with bony plates, chordates reinforce with cartilage and/or bone.

Front 79

Muscles

Back 79

Work in antagonistic pairs in order for body parts to move in opposite directions.

Front 80

3 muscle types

Back 80

skeletal, cardiac, smooth.

Front 81

More on Muscles

Back 81

Arthropod, vertebrate skeletal and smooth muscles are nearly identical. Insect flight muscles can beat faster than action potentials arrive. Clam abductor muscles can remain contacted with low energy consumption for up to a month.

Front 82

Flying

Back 82

Gravity is a major problem that wings must over come with lift. Shape of wings is significant for type of flight. Adaptations exist to reduce body mass. Fusiform shape for aerodynamics.

Front 83

Swimming (most efficient)

Back 83

Friction is a major problem that fusiform design must overcome with hydrodynamics. Water is denser than air which creates friction, but it provides buoyancy to cope with gravity. Diverse methods of swimming allows animals to overcome friction.

Front 84

Walking, Running, Hopping, Etc (least Efficient)

Back 84

Friction is a minor problem because air is less dense than water. Gravity is a major Problem due to the animals necessity to support itself. Larger animals require more energy for locomotion.