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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy |
Study of the body's structure & their physical relationship |
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Physiology |
Function |
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Anatomy and physiology are different yet related |
Structure anatomy indicates it's function Every specific function is performed by one or more specific structures |
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Levels of Organization |
1. Chemical level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Ogran level 5. system level |
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11 Organ System |
1. integumentary system 2. muscular system 3. skeletal system 4. endocrine system 5. reproduction system 6.cardiovascular system 7. nervous system 8. lymphatic system 9. respiratory system 10. digestive system 11. urinary system |
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Homeostasis |
relatively stable internal environment in the body Homeo - "Same" Stasis - "Standing" |
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Intracellular fluid (ICF) |
The fluid inside cells |
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Extracellular fluid (ECF) |
The fluid outside cells |
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Interstital fluid |
The fluid around cells body's internal environment |
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The nervous system causes |
rapid changes by nerve impulses |
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The endocrine system causes |
Slow changes by circulating chemicals called hormones |
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Feedback System |
used to regulate the bodys internal environment |
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Feedback System 3 functional components |
1. receptor senses a parameter & sends info about the parameter along an afferent pathway to the control center 2. control center receives & processes info from the receptor & when necessary sends commands along an efferent pathway to effector 3. an effector is a body structure that responds to signal from the control center to alter the parameter |
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negative feedback system |
causes a change that REVERSES the stimulus to the controlled condition
maintain stable internal condition's |
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positive feedback system |
causes a change that INCREASES the stimulus to the controlled condition
to accomplish something quickly ex. blood clotting |
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homeostatic imbalance |
maintains normal controlled conditions 24/7 for life |
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Body Cavities |
internal spaces that contain organs
protect & allow movement of the organs |
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The thoracic cavity |
bounded by the chest wall, vertebrae &diaphragm |
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The abdominopelvic cavity |
inferior to the diaphragm is bounded by the abdominal wall, vertebral column, pelvic floor & pelvis |
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Membrane |
thin, flexible structure of connective & epithelial tissue that covers, lines, divides or connects structures |
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parietal layer |
adheres to the body wall or surrounding organs |
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visceral layer |
adheres to the organ |
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pericardium |
surrounds the heart |
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a pleura |
surrounds each lung |
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radiography |
uses x-rays |
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MRI |
uses magnetic fields |
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CAT |
uses X-rays |
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ultrasound |
sound waves |
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Tissues |
are groups of cells & cell products with one or more functions |
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4 basic/general tissue types |
1. Epithelial tissues 2. Connective tissues 3. Muscle Tissues 4. Nervous Tissues |
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Epithelial Tissue |
Cover surfaces & form glands |
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Connective Tissue |
protect & support the body, bind organs together, store energy reserve & provide immunity |
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Muscle Tissue |
Contract |
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Nervous Tissue |
Conduct nerve impulses |
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5 Cell Junctions |
1. Tight Junction 2. Adherens Junction 3. Desmosomes 4. Hemidesmosomes 5. Gap Junction |
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Tight Junction |
prevent fluid from moving between cells
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Adherens Junctions |
A dense of proteins is attached to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
has finger like things to move |
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Desmosomes |
Intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton are attached to the plaque
resist separation |
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Hemidesmosomes |
attach cells to a secreted basement membrane
Prevent seperation |
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Gap Junctions |
Permit communication between cells to coordinate their activities
Allows small molecules to pass threw |
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Epithelia |
cover surfaces & form glands which secrete fluids |
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Epithelial Cells |
have specialized surfaces & specialized junction |
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Apical Surface |
faces something different & may bear cilia or microvilli |
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Lateral Surface |
adjacent cells & are usually connected by a variety of specialized junctions, depending upon is location |
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basal surface |
faces the basement membrane & is attached to it by hemidesmosomes |
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simple epithelia |
thin fragile found in protected locations & are often involved in secretion or absorption |
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stratified epithelia |
thick & are found where physical or chemical stresses occur |
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pseudostratified epithelia |
have multiple layers ecery cell touches the basement membrance & cells are different height |
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4 simple epithelia |
simple squamous cuboidal columnar pseudostratified |
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4 stratified epithelia |
stratified squamous cuboidal columnar transitional |
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simple squamous epithelia |
delicate & occure in protected locations for absorption, diffusion or to form a smooth surface |
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simple cuboidal epithelia |
little protection & are found where absorption &/or secretion occur |
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nonciliated simple columnar epithelia |
are found where absorption or secretion occur & often have microvilli |
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ciliated simple columnar spithelia |
found in protected locations where materials must move across their apical surface |
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stratified squamous epithelia |
occurs where stress occurs keratinized epithelium is found where dehydration occurs & the superficial cells are filled with the protein keratin |
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Glandular epithelia |
produce a secretion |
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glands |
consist of a single cell or multiple cells & secrete into a duct or into the interstital fluid around a cell |
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endocrine glands |
lack ducts & releases secretions into the interstitial fluid |
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exocrine glands |
release secretions onto an epithelium through a duct |
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connective tissue |
widespread & abundant in the human body |
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matrix of connective tissue |
the ground substance the fibers |
