Bio 51 Exam 1

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Multicellular and Unicellular have these traits in common...

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uptake and processing of nutrients, excretion of wastes, response to enviromental stimuli and reproduction among others

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Multicellular organims exhibit three major strutural levels above the cell...

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tissues, organs, and organ systems

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population

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group of organisms belonging to the same species

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biological community

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populations of several species in the same area

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ecosystem

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populations that interact with their physical enviroment

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Novel properties

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emerge at each step upward in the biological hierarchy

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biological community

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populations of several species in the same area

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ecosystem

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populations that interact with their physical enviroment

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novel properties

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emerge at each step upward in the biological hierarchy

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emergent properties result from

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interactions between components

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reductionism

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reducing complex systems to simpler components

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Robert Hooke

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1665 saw first cell on a cork

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Leeuwenhoek

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saw single celled organism in pond water and observed cells in sperm and blood

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Schliedan and Schwaan

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postulated cell theory

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cell theory

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postulates that all living things consists of cells

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extended cell theory

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all cells come from other cells. New cells are produced by division of existing cells, this being a critical process in reproduction , growth, and repair of multicellular organisms.

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proks and euks can be distinguished byu their...

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structural organization

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archea and bacteria are...

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proks

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traits of euks

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cells are subdivided by internal membranes
- dna combines with protiens to form chromosomes inside of the nucleus
-some euks have cell walls

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traits of proks

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-dna is not separated from the cytoplasm in a nucleus
-all proks cells have tough external walls

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paleontology

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study of fossils, developed by cuvier

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Cuvier recognized

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extinction had been a common occurence and that instead of evolution it was catastrophism

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Hutton

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proposed gradulism

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gradulism

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diversity of land forms could be explained by mechanisms currently operating

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Lyell

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proposed uniformitarianism

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uniformitarianism

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geological processes had not changed throughout earth's history

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Lamarck's theory

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attempted to explain fossil record as well as the current diversity of life

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Origin of species developed two main points

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occurence of evolution and natural selection as its mechanism

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Darwinism has a dual meaning

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refers to evolution as the explanation for life's unity and diveristy

refers to natural selection as the cause of adaptive evolution

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observations

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1- all species can reproduce
2- populations tend to remain a stable size
3- resources are limited
4- no two individuals are alike
5- variation is heritable

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inferences

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1- struggle for existence
2- struggle depends on hereditary
3- favorable characteristics will arise

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3 points of darwinism

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natural selection is differntial success in reproduction
-natural selection occurs through an interation between the enviroment and the variability
-product of natural selection is the adaptation of populations of organisms to their enviroment

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Malthus

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offspring out grow the amount of food available so natural selection occurs

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differential reproduction

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whereby organisms with traits favored by enviroment produces more offspring than do organisms without those traits

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artificial selection

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selecting individuals as breeding stock

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homologous structures

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same skeletal elements but different functions due to divergence from the ancestor

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comparative anatomy

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evolution is a remodeling process via alteration of existing structures

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vestigal organs

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organs that were important to ancestors but not to current organisms

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convergent evolution

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organisms that look alike but are actually dna wise are closer related to something in thier own area.

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biogeography

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geoprahical distribution of species

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endemics

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flora and fauna found on an island found nowhere else in the world

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microevolution

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a change in the allele frequencies in a population