Bio 5 Midtern 1

Front 1

Living Things are Composed of Cells

Back 1

Single-cell organisms have everything they need to be self-sufficient.
In multicellular organisms, *specialization increases until *some cells do only certain things.

Front 2

Living Things Have Different Levels of Organization

Back 2

Both molecular and cellular organization.
Living things must be able to organize simple substances into complex ones.
Living things organize cells at several levels:

Tissue - a group of cells that perform a common function.
Organ - a group of tissues that perform a common function.
Organ system - a group of organs that perform a common function.
Organism - any complete living thing.

Front 3

Living Things Use Energy

Back 3

Living things take in energy and use it for maintenance and growth

Front 4

Fats break down into ___ .

Back 4

fatty acids

Front 5

Carbohydrates break down into ___ .

Back 5

glucose

Front 6

Proteins break down into ___ .

Back 6

amino acids

Front 7

Function of bile

Back 7

*Bile contains bile acids, which are critical for digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine.
*Many waste products, including bilirubin, are eliminated from the body by secretion into bile and elimination in feces.

Front 8

Accessory organ to the digestive system: liver:

Back 8

sends all waste to kidneys.
creates bile.

Front 9

pancreas

Back 9

produces insulin & glucagon.
regulates blood sugar levels.

Front 10

probability

Back 10

The chance or possibility that a specific event will occur. (%, decimals or fractions)

Front 11

Punnett square

Back 11

used to determine the possible offspring, used when crossing 2 organisms

Front 12

Autosomes

Back 12

is a non-sex chromosome (not the X or Y); in humans, there are 22 pairs of autosomes

Front 13

Albinism

Back 13

a congenital disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair and eyes due to absence or defect of an enzyme involved in the production of melanin. Albinism results from inheritance of recessive gene alleles and is known to affect all vertebrates, including humans. While an organism with complete absence of melanin is called an albino ( /ælˈbaɪnoʊ/,[1] or /ælˈbiːnoʊ/),[2] an organism with only a diminished amount of melanin is described as albinoid.[3]

Albinism is associated with a number of vision defects, such as photophobia, nystagmus and astigmatism. Lack of skin pigmentation makes for more susceptibility to sunburn and skin cancers.

Front 14

Sickle cell anemia

Back 14

an autosomal recessive genetic blood disorder with overdominance, characterized by red blood cells that assume an abnormal, rigid, sickle shape. Sickling decreases the cells' flexibility and results in a risk of various complications. The sickling occurs because of a mutation in the hemoglobin gene.

Front 15

Sickle cell trait

Back 15

describes a condition in which a person has one abnormal allele of the hemoglobin beta gene (is heterozygous), but does not display the severe symptoms of sickle cell disease that occur in a person who has two copies of that allele (is homozygous). Those who are heterozygous for the sickle cell allele produce both normal and abnormal hemoglobin (the two alleles are co-dominant). Sickle cell disease is a blood disorder in which the body produces an abnormal type of the oxygen-carrying substance hemoglobin in the red blood cells. Sickling and sickle cell disease also confer some resistance to malaria parasitization of red blood cells, so that individuals with sickle-cell trait (heterozygotes) have a selective advantage in some environments.

Front 16

Mitochondria

Back 16

release energy in body.
power plant.
carries own supply of DNA.