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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Muscle: Effect of Tetradoxin |
Blocks Na+, leads to no T-tubule depolarization in muscle fibers |
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Muscle: Effects of Botulinum Toxin |
Blocks Ach release - no chemical signal translated in neuromuscular juntion |
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Muscle: Effects of Curare |
Blocks Ach receptors on sarcolemma |
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Muscle: Sarin Nerve Gas |
Blocks Achase - no breakdown of Ach |
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Muscular Dystrophy |
Genetic degeneration; lack of protein dystrophin; muscle tears and fiber breakdown |
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Muscle: Myasthenia gravis |
Neuromuscular junction abnormality; autoimmune response to destory Ach receptors; treated via Achase inhibitors |
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Muscle: Multiple Sclerosis |
Degeneration of myelin on muscle related axon nerves |
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Muscle: Anabolic Steriods |
Increase protein synthesis in muscles; lead to tumor growth, liver problems |
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Muscle: Charley Horse |
Tear of muscle followed by bleeding |
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Muscle: Tennis Elbow |
Tendon in forearm aggrevation |
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Compartment Syndrome |
Weekend warrior; swelling of calf muscles due to over exertion = muscles in fasicle swell |
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Muscle: Type 1 Fibers |
Slow twitch, no fatigue, posture, red fiber, oxidative phos. |
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Muscle: Type 2A |
Fast twitch, no fatigue, eyelids, red fiber, oxidative phos.
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Muscle: Type 2B |
Fast Twitch, easily fatigued, biceps, white fiber, glycolysis |
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Senses: Skin receptors |
1. Pressure a. Meissners Corpuscles - light touch, lips b. Pacinians Corp - vibrations and deep pressure c. Root hair plexus- Hair d. Ruffinis end organ - skin stretch, sustained pressure
2. Temp 3. Pain |
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Senses: Taste buds and pathways |
1. Sweet: Gustadin to cAMP to Ca2+ 2. Salty: Rise in Na to Ca2+ 3. Sour: Rise in K+ to Ca2+ 4. Bitter: Tranducin to IP3 to Ca2+
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Skeletal Muscle |
Striated voluntary attached to bones fast contraction |
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Cardiac Muscle |
Striated involuntary gap junctions with intercalculated disks moderate contraction speed
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Smooth Muscle |
Not Striated involuntary gap junctions present slow contraction rate |
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Heart: Fast Responses Fibers |
Atria, Ventricles - contractile muscle |
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Heart: Slow Response Fibers |
SA node, AV node - autoarythmic |
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Heart: Fast response Graphically |
Phase 0-4 Quick rise, little drop due to K+ leaving, plateau due to Ca2+ influx (very important), drop |
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Heart: Slow Response Graphically |
Phase 4, 0, 2/3, 0 Unstable phase 4 hits threshold, hill like |
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Heart: EKG Letter meanins |
P Wave - atrial depolarization P-Q - atrial relaxation QRS - ventricular contaction S - ventricles contract at end of S T - ventricles relax
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Heart: Heart sounds |
Lub - AV (tri and Bi) close Dub - Semilunar (pulmonary and aortic) close |
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Heart: QRS complex with Left or right Ventricular Hypertrophy |
Left = left axis deviation Right = right axis deviation |
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Heart: QRS complex with Pulmonary Embolus |
Right axis deviation |
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Heart: QRS complex with heart attack |
Heart attack on left causes axis to go right. Heart attack on right causes axis to go left |
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Heart: 1st degree AV heartblock |
lover then .20s P-R complex. Delay in AV node
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Heart: 2nd Degree Mobitz Type 1 (wenchebach) |
Increasing P-R until QRS is skipped AV node disease
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Heart: 2nd Degree Mobitz Type 2 |
More P waves then QRS - 2 P for every QRS Problem with Bundle of HIS
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Heart: Supraventricular Tachycardia |
Textbook tachycardia; quick AV junction impluses Just fast EKG |
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Heart: Ventricular Tachycardia |
Huge QRS complexes, Ventricle depolariztion too fast, no P waves, leads to VFib because ventricles contract too quickly to get blood out |
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Heart: A fib |
Atria contract irregularly, less blood moved in ventricles
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Heart: V fib |
Large QRS, no P or T, death, completely uncoordinated contraction of heart leads to no blood flow |
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Blood and Fluids: Body fluid Percentage breakdown |
60% fluids (42L) - 40% Intracellular - 20% Extraceullar > 15% Interstitial > 5% Plasma |
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Blood and Fluids: Blood breakdown |
55% Plasma
45% formed elements |
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Blood and Fluids: Plasma Proteins |
Albumins, Glopbulins from liver Fibrinogen: Clotting
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Blood and Fluids: Plasma Serum |
Plasma without Fibrinogen |
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Blood and Fluids: Plasma composition |
Serum Proteins Ions |
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Blood and Fluids: Formed Elements |
Erythrocytes Leukocytes Platelets |
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Blood and Fluids: Erythrocytes |
Red Blood cells Deliver oxygen to tissues Hemoglobin |
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Blood and Fluids: Anemia |
Red blood cells less then 37% Sicke Cell - odd shaped RBCs Nutritional - dietary problems (iron) Pernicious - no vitamin absorption for RBCs Hemolytic - loss of RBCs thru lysis Hemoragic - loss of RBCs thru bleeding Leukemia - cancer b/c too many WBCs |
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Blood and Fluids: Leukocytes |
1. Agranulocytes a. Lymphocytes: B cells secrete anitbodies T cells: helper killer cells b. Monocytes: Phagocytic, clean up 2. Granulocytes a. Neutrophils:Phagocytic first line ofdefense b. Eosinophils: parasite defense c. Basophils: allergic response |
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Blood and Fluids: Platelets |
Thrombus: stationary clot Embolus: clot that migrates
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Cranial Nerve 1 |
Olfactory; sensory; smell |
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Cranial Nerve 2 |
Optic; sensory; vision |
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Cranial nerve 3 |
Oculamotor; motor; eye movement (most) |
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Cranial Nerve 4 |
Trochlear; motor; sup oblique (down and out) |
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Cranial Nerve 5 |
Trigeminal Sensory - Face feeling (opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular) Motor - mastication, ear muscles, soft palate |
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Cranial Nerve 6 |
Abducens; motor; lat rectus (away from midline) |
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Cranial Nerve 7 |
Facial M - Expressions, ears, cheeks, etc s - 2/3 anterior of tongue |
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Cranial Nerve 8 |
Vestibucochlear Sensory w/ vestibular branch and cochlear branch |
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Cranial Nerve 9 |
Glossophrangial S - 1/3 posterior tongue M - Throat |
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Cranial Nerve 10 |
Vagus S - visceral pain M - cardiac, GI tract, vessels |
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Cranial Nerve 11 |
Accessory; Motor; shoulder, head, traps |
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Cranial Nerve 12 |
Hypoglossal; motor; tongue movement |
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Muscle: Nebulin |
Structural support for Thin filament (actin) |
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Muscle: Titin |
Elasticity for Thick Filament (mysoin) |
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Muscle: Troponin I |
Inhibits actin myosin binding |
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Muscle: Troponin C |
Binding of Ca2+ |
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Muscle: Troponin T |
Anchors troponin to tropomyosin and actin |
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Muscle: What is ATP needed for in contraction |
1. to set myosin heads to actin binding 2. to break actin/myosin complex when new ATp bonds 3. To release Ca2+ back into SR |
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Muscle: Tonic Smooth Muscles |
Remain contracted for most of time (airways stay closed/contracted, and relax when food needs to go in) |
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Muscle: Phasic Smooth Muscle |
Rhythmic contractions; mostly relaxed state; contracts periodically; GI tracting periodically contracting to push poop out |
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Muscle: Stored ATP |
small quantites; on 10 seconds worth |
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Muscle: Phosphocreatine |
3-5 times amount of stored ATP. About 30 seconds worth |
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Muscle: Glycogen |
Variable quantity depending on muscle; used up within 3-5 minutes. 2 ATP |
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Muscle: Aerobic metabolism |
Not stored energy - must be made; it can always be made if blood and oxygen present. 38 ATP |
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Blood and Fluid: Fibrin Mechanism |
Promthrombin---->Thrombin Thrombin converts Fibrinogen into Fibrin |
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Blood and Fluid: Intrinsic Pathway |
Exposed Collagen in blood---> Facors XII to XI to IX to Factor X. Factor X triggers Fibrin mechanism |
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Blood and Fluid: Extrinsic Pathway |
Exposed Tissue Factor III ---> Factor VII activates Factor X. Factor X activates Fibrin mechanism |
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Blood and Fluid: What do hemophillacs lack? |
They lack factor VIII in the intrinsic pathway - can't clot blood properly |
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Blood and Fluid: Anticoagulants |
Release Plasmin, which breaks down Fibrin
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