Bio 425 - Test #1

Front 1

List the 5 body cavities

Back 1

-cranial
-spinal
-thoracic
-abdominal
-pelvic

Front 2

Pleural Membrane

Back 2

Serous membrane that covers the lungs

Front 3

Pericardium

Back 3

Serous membrane that covers the heart

Front 4

Peritoneum

Back 4

Serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity

Front 5

Meninges

Back 5

Membrane that lines the spinal and cranial cavities

Front 6

Superior (Cranial) vs. Inferior (Caudal)

Back 6

upwards/toward the top // downwards/toward the bottom

Front 7

Lateral vs. Medial

Back 7

away from the midline // toward the midline

Front 8

Ipsilateral vs. Contralateral

Back 8

on same side // on opposite sides

Front 9

Anterior (Ventral) vs. Posterior (Dorsal)

Back 9

toward front // away from front/toward the back

Front 10

Deep (Internal) vs. Superficial (External)

Back 10

away from the surface/into body // toward surface

Front 11

Proximal vs. Distal

Back 11

close to point of attachment // away from point of attachment

Front 12

Sagittal Plane

Back 12

Plane that cuts body into right and left

Front 13

Plane that cuts the body into equal left and right along the midline

Back 13

Midsagittal Plane

Front 14

Transverse Plane

Back 14

Cuts body into superior and inferior

Front 15

Plane that cuts the body into anterior/dorsal and posterior/ventral

Back 15

Frontal/Coronal Plane

Front 16

The study of the structure of the body parts and their relationship to one another

Back 16

Anatomy

Front 17

Physiology

Back 17

The study of the function of the body's structural machinery

Front 18

Levels of Organization

Back 18

1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissues
4. Organs
5. Organ systems
6. Organism

Front 19

Integumentary System

Back 19

-forms external body covering
-composed of skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair and nails
-protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes Vitamin D

Front 20

Skeletal System

Back 20

-composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
-protects and supports body organs
-provides framework for muscles
-site of blood cell formation
-stores minerals

Front 21

Muscular System

Back 21

-composed of muscles and tendons
-allows manipulation of the env., locomotion, and facial expressions
-maintains posture
-produces heat

Front 22

Nervous System

Back 22

-composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
-the fast-acting control system of body
-responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands

Front 23

Cardiovascular System

Back 23

-composed of heart and blood vessels
-heart pumps blood
-blood vessels transport blood throughout body

Front 24

Lymphatic System

Back 24

-composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
-picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
-disposes of debris in lymphatic system
-houses white blood cells involved with immunity

Front 25

Respiratory System

Back 25

-composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
-keeps blood supplied with O2 and removes CO2

Front 26

Digestive System

Back 26

-composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver
-breaks down food into absorbable units that enter blood
-eliminates undigestible food as feces

Front 27

Urinary System

Back 27

-composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
-eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body
-regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of blood

Front 28

Reproductive System (Male)

Back 28

-composed of prostate, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
-testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
-ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female repro. tract

Front 29

Reproductive System (Female)

Back 29

-composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, and vagina
-ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
-remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of fetus
-mammary glands produce milk to nourish infant

Front 30

List Necessary Life Functions (8)

Back 30

-Maintaining Boundaries (internal environment remains distinct from the external env.)
-Movement (includes locomotion, propulsion/peristalsis,, and contractility)
-Responsiveness (ability to sense and respond to stimuli)
-Digestion (breakdown of food into nutrients and absorption)
-Metabolism (catabolism and anabolism)
-Excretion (removal of wastes)
-Reproduction (on cellular and organismal levels - mitosis & meiosis)
-Growth (increase in size of cells/tissues, or entire organism)

Front 31

List Survival Needs

Back 31

-Nutrients (necessary for energy and cell building)
-Oxygen (necessary for metabolic reactions)
-Water (provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions)
-Normal body temp (necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates)
-Atmospheric pressure (required for proper breathing and gas exchange in lungs)

Front 32

Homeostasis

Back 32

ability to maintain a relatively constant internal environment despite ever-changing external environment
-internal state is in dynamic state of quilibrium
-chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis

Front 33

What are the 3 interdependent components of homeostatic control mechanisms?

Back 33

- Receptor (monitors environment and response to changes/stimuli)
- Control center )determines set point at which the variable is maintained)
- Effector (provides the means to respond to stimuli)

Front 34

Negative Feedback

Back 34

Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus (e.g., regulation of body temp, regulation of blood vol. by ADH)

Front 35

Positive Feedback

Back 35

Response enhances or exaggerates original stimulus
-cascade or amplifying effect, usually controls infrequent events (e.g., child birth, blood clotting)

Front 36

T/F Homeostatic imbalance decreases the risk of disease.

Back 36

False

Front 37

What is correct anatomical position?

Back 37

Body erect, feet flat on floor and slightly apart, arms at side, head and palms facing forward

Front 38

Prone vs. Supine

Back 38

lying face down // lying face up

Front 39

Visceral Serous Membrane

Back 39

Lines/covers internal organs

Front 40

Parietal Serosa

Back 40

Lines body cavities

Front 41

What are the 9 abdominopelvic regions used by anatomists?

Back 41

From superior to inferior
-L hypochondriac, epigastric, R hypochondriac
-L lumbar, umbilical, R lumbar
-L iliac, hypogastric, R iliac

Front 42

Ribosomes

Back 42

- build proteins
FREE: proteins for the cell
FIXED: proteins to be excreted by cell

Front 43

Proteasomes

Back 43

contain enzymes and disassemble damaged proteins for recycling

Front 44

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 44

Smooth: synthesis of fatty acids and steroids
Rough: protein folding/synthesis/packaging in transport vesicles

Front 45

Golgi Apparatus

Back 45

Vesicles from ER enter forming (cis) face and exit maturing (trans) face and are put into specific vesicles
-secretory vesicles for exocytosis
-membrane renewal vesicles to add or remove membrane components
-lysosomes

Front 46

Lysosomes

Back 46

-membrane-bound
-contain digestive and hydrolytic enzymes that breakdown a variety of molecules
-recycle worn-out cell structures - helps to continually replace old organelles,
-moves final products of digestion (glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids) into cytosol
-use endocytosis
-autolysis (self destruction of damaged calls)

Front 47

Peroxisomes

Back 47

-Enzyme-containing vesicles (catalase and oxidase), produce and breakdown hydrogen peroxide
-break down fatty acids and organic compounds
-self replicating

Front 48

Mitochondria

Back 48

-Generate ATP ("powerhouse" of the cell)
-aerobic respiration
-has double membrane
-Have own DNA and RNA (maternal linkage)
-Abundant in active cells i.e., muscles, liver, kidneys