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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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explain autotrophs
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get their energy from 'self'. get their energy from sunlight, use light energy to synthesize organic molecules
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explain heterotrophs
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get their energy from 'eating others' consumers of other organisms, consume organis molecules
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how are autotrophs and heterotrophs related?
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autotrophs produce the organic molecules that heterotrophs consume
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what is the photosynthesis equation?
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6CO2+6H2O+light+light energy=C6H12O6+602
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what is the stroma?
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fluid in the chloroplast, calvin cycle occurs here
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what is the grana?
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stacks of thylakoids, light reactions occur here
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what are thylakoids?
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contain chlorophyll
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what is chlorophyll?
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pigment that captures light for photosynthesis.
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what are the two stages of photosynthesis?
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light dependent reactions & light-independent reactions/calvin cycle
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what are the three stages of cell respiration?
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glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, e.t.c./chemiosmosis
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what are the inputs of glycolysis?
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glucose, 2NAD, 2ATP, 2ADP+2P
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what are the inputs of the Krebs Cycle?
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2 acetyl groups, 2ADP+2P, 6NAD, 2FAD
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what are the inputs of the e.t.c./chemiosmosis?
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6NADH, 2FADH2
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what are the outputs of glycolysis?
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2 pyruvic acids, 2NADH, 4ATP (net 2)
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what are the outputs of the Krebs Cycle?
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4CO2, @atp, 6NADH, 2FADH2
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what are the outputs of the e.t.c./chemiosmosis?
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34-36 ATP
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how many ATP are produced in cell respiration?
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36-38
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what are some intermediate molecules?
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pyruvate, NADH, FADH2
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what is the equation for cellular respiration?
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C6H12O6=6CO2+6H2O+ATP
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what are the major events in the energy investment phase of glycolysis?
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1)phosphorylation of glucose by ATP
2)re-arrangement & phosphorylation by ATP 3)6-carbon molecule split into two 3-carbon PGAL molecules |
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what is the role of coenzyme A?
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it becomes acetyl CoA which enters the Kreb's Cycle
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how does the e.t.c. generate energy?
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it moves electrons down the chain releasing a small amount of energy
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how does chemiosmosis work?
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it moves H+ from mitochondrial matrix to intermembrane space
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what is the role of ATP synthase?
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it creates a gradient for hydrogen which creates ATP as it moves through it
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what are the two types of fermentation?
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lactic acid & alchohol
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what happens in lactic acid fermentation?
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pyruvate=lactic acid
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what happens in alchohol fermentation?
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pyruvate=CO2 & ethanol
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how do proteins and fats contribute to cell production of energy?
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FATS:broken down into glycerol (PGAL) and fatty acids (acetyl CoA)
PROTEINS: digested to amino acids=ammonia (carbon skeleton in cell respiration) |
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what are some advantages and disadvantages to anaerobic respiration?
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-provides rapid burst of ATP-low energy yield-lactate is toxic to cells-can lead to oxygen debt (amount needed to restore ATP and rid body of lactate)
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what is phosphrylation and how does it provide energy to molecules?
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-when ATP does work, it transfers its 3rd P to other molecules-releases energy and destabilizes other molecule
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why is ATP a good energy storage?
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because each P is difficult to add so there is a large amount of stored energy closely packed
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what is the structure of ATP?
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adenine+ribose+Pi+Pi+Pi=ATP
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what is energy coupling?
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it uses exergonic (catabolic) reactions to fuel endergonic (anabolic) reactions
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a molecule is oxidized when it __________
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loses an electron
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in cellular respiration______ is oxidized and _______________is reduced
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glucose....oxygen
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most of the ATP produced in cellular respiration comes from___________
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chemiosmosis
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describe the electron transport chain
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electrons pass from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step
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an electron carrier acts as an enery-storage molecule when it is __________ (for example ____________)
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reduced....NADH
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the function of cellular respiration is to _______
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extract usable energy from glucose
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what is reduced in this reaction: C6H12O6+6O2=6CO2+6H2O
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oxygen
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the principal hydrogen-atom carrier molecules in cells are composed of
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nucleotides
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a small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis by ____
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the transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP (subtrate level phosphorylation)
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a chemist has discovered a drug that blocks an enzyme that catalyzes the second reaction in glycolysis. He wants to use the drug to kill bacteria in people with infections. But he can't do this because__________
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human cells also perform glycolysis;the drug could also poison them
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name a pathway found in all organisms
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glycolysis
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during respiration in a eukaryotic cell, reactions of glycolysis occur or are located in or on
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the cytosol
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most of the NADH that delivers high-energy electrons to the elctron transport chain comes from ________
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the Krebs Cycle
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In an experiment mice were fed glucose containin a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitered and in a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in
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carbon dioxide
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why is the Krebs Cycle called a cycle?
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the two carbon acetyl CoA binds to a 4-carbon molecule that is restored at the end of the cycle
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