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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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chromosome
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chromatin = DNA + proteins
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gene
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unit of DNA governing a trait
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centromere
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point where sister chromatids of a duplicated chromosome connect
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telomere
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series of repeated nucleotides found at either end of a chromosome
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telomere
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prevent enzymes from removing gene ends
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telomere
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prevent joining of chromosome ends during duplication
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chromatid
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one of two strands of duplicated DNA and protein forming a duplicated chromosome. Stands are referred to as "sister ______"
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daughter chromosomes
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chromosomes that result when a duplicated chromosome splits
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cellular reproduction
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produces daughter cell offspring
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asexual repro
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repro not involving fusion of gametes
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sexual repro
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union of gametes from 2 parents
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asexual
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budding, root propagation, cell division (binary fision, meiosis, mitosis)
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binary fision
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asexual cell division in prokaryotes
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mitotic cell divison
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produces genetically identical daughter cells
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meiotic cell division
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makes 4 hapliod cells from 1 dipliod cell; gametes not genetically the same
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cell life cycle
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sequence of events that occurs from on cell division to the next
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cell life cycle
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typically: a long growth period used to prepare for
a short cell division segment |
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eukaryotic cell cycle
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interphase, mitotic cell divison
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interphase
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cell gets nutrients from environment, grows, duplicates DNA, and grows some more
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interphase
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G1, S, G2 phases
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interphase
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in non-repro cells just a G0 phase (maintenance phase)
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mitotic cell division
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mitosis and cytokinesis
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mitosis
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nuclear division with 4 parts
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mitosis
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
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cytokinesis
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cytoplasm division (equally between 2 daughter cells)
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kinetichores
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protein sites in centromere where spindles attach to each sister chromatid (tug of war)
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meiosis
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evolved from mitosis so many structures and events are similar/same
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meiotic cell division
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little or no interphase between I and II; no duplication of DNA between meiosis I and II
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meiosis I
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chromosome condensation, nucleolus disappears, nuclear envelope disintegrates, spindle formation, and attachment to kinetochore
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chasmata
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sites of crossing over
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karyotype
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an entire set of stained chromosomes from a single cell
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3 ways everyone looks different
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shuffling of homologues creates novel combinations of chomosomes; crossing over also creates novel chromosomes; the fusion of gametes creates additional genetic combos
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gregor mendel
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father of genetics
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p generation
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true-breeding parents
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F1 generation
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offspring of P generation
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F2 generation
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offspring of F1 generation
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genes
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each trait is determined by pairs of discrete physical units
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alleles
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each gene has 2 forms
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true breeding organisms
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organisms have 2 of the same allele for a given gene
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law of segregation
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pairs of genes on homologous chromosomes separate from each other during gamete formation so that each gamete receives only one allele of an organisms pair of genes
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law of segregation
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tells us how we inherit "a" trait from one generation to the next
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punnett square
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a way to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring
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test cross
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used to determine whether a single trait showing dominance is home or heterozygous
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test cross
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done by crossing the dominant with a homozygous recessive organism
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PP x pp = Pp = all dominant
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if homozygous dominant then all offspring will express dominant trait
example of this would look like? |
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Pp x pp = 1/2 Pp and 1/2 pp
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if heterozygous then half will show dominant trait and half will be recessive
this looks like? |
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law of independent assortment
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the alleles of one gene may be distributed to gametes independently of the alleles of other genes
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law of independent assortment
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applies when the genes are on different pairs of chromosomes
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they tend to be inherited as a group
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how are genes on the same chromosomes inherited?
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linked
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genes are said to be
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recombination
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crossover and genetic recombination
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autosomes
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sex linked gene inheritance
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sex chromosomes
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X and Y
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sex linked
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genes that are on one sex chromosome but not on the other
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Y
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78 genes
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X
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1000+ genes
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no
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do mendelian laws apply in all cases?
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incomplete dominance
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ex- red RR, pink RR' white flowers R'R'
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A, B, O blood alleles
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multiple alleles govern one trait
ex? |
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codominance
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AB blood
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pleiotrophy
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single gene having multiple effects on phenotypes
SRY gene |
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human disorders
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single gene and abnormal chromosome #
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single gene
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recessive, dominant, sex
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abnormal chromosome number
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sex, autosomal
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recessive allele disorders
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albinism, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis (CFTR gene)
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dominant allele disorders
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cleft gene, freckles
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dominant allele disorders
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dwarfism Aa, embryonic death AA
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recessive sex allele disorders
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color blindness, hemophilia
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abnormal autosomal disorders
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produces an organism with 1 or 3 chromosomes, most die as embryo, trisomy 21, down syndrome
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