Bio 410 Lect 9 (T.2)

Front 1

____ - primary defense
Hiding, camouflaging, blending in with environment.

Back 1

Crypsis

Front 2

____ = constant threat

Back 2

Predation

Front 3

Escape detection by predator - ____

Back 3

primary defense

Front 4

Escape capture once detected - ____

Back 4

secondary defense

Front 5

____ - predator never knows you are there

Back 5

primary defense

Front 6

____ - if the predator spots you, can escape.

Back 6

Secondary defense

Front 7

____- light hits from above, so more pigmentation in the top (dorsal surface), to stop light reflection from above.

Back 7

Countershading

Front 8

____ - break the contour/outline,
Zebra stripes run vertically so it blends in nice with the environment.
Hard to single out, distinguish from other zebras.

Back 8

Color - break the contour/outline,
Zebra stripes run vertically so it blends in nice with the environment.
Hard to single out, distinguish from other zebras.

Front 9

____ -
Fox squirrels a large range of color across the species, one coloration may be better than another due to fires etc.

Back 9

Polymorphisms of color

Front 10

____- jellyfish
____ - Chameleon, anole, cuttlefish.

Back 10

Transparency
Colorchange

Front 11

____ -
Spider crabs decorate themselves

Back 11

Use environment

Front 12

Behavior -
Select ____ - Moths find ideal surface to land on.

Back 12

appropriate background

Front 13

Behavior -
____ - Ex. Snake appears banded when still and then when moving appears solid color.

Back 13

Movement

Front 14

____ - advertise unpleasantness, typically with bright colors.
Yellow and black universal of poison.
Skunks,

All of these are warning their predators of their danger.

Back 14

Warning coloration

Front 15

____ - startle or frighten predator,
Might have an injured wing but still have your life.

Back 15

Eyespots

Front 16

Distract predator, ____ so escape is possible

Back 16

divert attention

Front 17

____ (secondary defense)

Back 17

Diverting attention

Front 18

____ - (many)
Two harmful species look alike,
Ex. Hornet, bee, wasp all of these are stinging yellow and black insects.

Back 18

Mullerian mimmicry

Front 19

____ -
One harmless species resembles a harmful species.

Back 19

Batesian mimmicry

Front 20

____ - predator often attacks head of prey first, some prey have evolved heads at posterior of body

Back 20

False heads

Front 21

____- break off a piece of body when attached.

Back 21

Autonomy

Front 22

____ - often do this to direct predator away from young.

Back 22

Playing injured

Front 23

____
Lizards - tail ____.
ex. Sea cucumbers, expel their digestive organs, and then escapes.

Back 23

autonomy
autonomy

Front 24

____ - "dance" to survive fire ant attacks.

Back 24

Fence lizards

Front 25

____ - many predators only want live animals.

Ex. Opossum, hognose snake.
Hognose snake looks like it is dying from some horrible poison.

Back 25

Playing dead

Front 26

____ - not a secondary defense, just a recessive "funny condition". Not actually playing dead.

Back 26

Fainting goats

Front 27

____ - causing intimidation.

Back 27

Fighting back

Front 28

____ - skunk, toxins by monarch butterfly etc

Back 28

Chemical repellents

Front 29

____ - extra seconds to escape.

Back 29

Startle response

Front 30

____,
Antelope do stotting, it lets the predator know that it has been spotted. Slows predator down, but discourages attack.

Back 30

Advertise detection of predator

Front 31

____ - better than solitary animals.

Back 31

Group defense

Front 32

____
Individuals in group have less chance of being attacked in any given attack.

Back 32

Alarm signals

Front 33

____ - sound of the stake hitting the ground sounds similar to a mole moving through the ground, so the earthworms are coming up to escape the "predator".

Back 33

Worm grunting

Front 34

____ - so many that predators cant even try to get any.
Ex. Mayflays, guillemots

Back 34

Dilution effect

Front 35

____ - primary with birds, the prey will turn and attack the predator. Selfish act, trying to help out relatives.

Back 35

Mobbing

Front 36

____ - looks like a cooperative group, but the individuals in the middle are safer and there is a huge struggle to stay in the center.

Back 36

Selfish herd

Front 37

Is aggression genetic or learned?

Back 37

There are both innate and learned in all species.

Front 38

____ - you can breed for aggressive or submissive animals.

Back 38

Innate

Front 39

____ - aggression and (testosterone) will decrease, if we put more T on the aggression will increase.

Back 39

Castrating animals

Front 40

____ is involved.
In most species males have the higher _____ and higher aggression. (starting prenatally)
In hyenas this is the females.
Male adults will run from a female juvenile approaching a kill.

Back 40

Testosterone
Testosterone

Front 41

But!! Individual differences in ____ levels do not predict differences in aggression.

Need a certain level of ____ for a level of aggression, but within a huge range (approx 20 percent to 2x normal, aggression levels are the same).

Back 41

Testosterone
Testosterone

Front 42

If you have more exposure to ____ (precastration) and then castrated then the full amount will remain after castration.

Back 42

aggression

Front 43

____ has both innate and learned components,
Base built in, intensity and form learned

Back 43

Aggression

Front 44

____ - rhesus monkey social deprivation.
Excessive violence on tv etc, changes aggressive tendency.
Excessive punishment or permissiveness changes.

Back 44

Harlowes

Front 45

When and why?
Cost of aggression ____ to actor. (not mouse versus lion)
Benefits from aggression are ____ (need a whole meal or a weeks meal, not over a crumb)
Probability of gaining resources w/o aggression is ____ (only way to gain is through aggression)
Genetic relatedness between actor and rival is ____ (general true, but are exceptions)
Cost to rival is ____ (don’t want rival fighting back too hard, ex. rival will fight with all the have, if they will die w/o it.)

Back 45

low
high
low
low
low

Front 46

____- same sex rivals
Most diverse, widespread
Often over reproduction or over territories,

Back 46

Intrasexual

Front 47

____- opposite sex rivals,
Usually in courtship

Back 47

Intersexual

Front 48

If a male has to spend lots of time and energy "calming" down a female he is ____ in her and less likely to run off.

Back 48

invested

Front 49

____ -
Hyena twins, often one prevents other from reaching mother.

Back 49

Peer/siblicide

Front 50

____- (extreme form of parental aggression)

Back 50

Infanticide

Front 51

____ -
weaning process, do not want to stop nursing
Often male parent has to be aggressive to stop the young from nursing

Back 51

Parental aggression

Front 52

____ - leave the area, leave the nesting site so there is no reproductive competition.

Back 52

Forced dispersal

Front 53

____- new male takes over band of females, kills infants, very high T level after victory (which came first high t or after killing the infants)

Back 53

Languars

Front 54

____- 2 individuals attacking each other, and they go off to attack something else
(humans often do this, hit the wall pillow etc)

Back 54

Redirected

Front 55

(these 2 may not be true aggression)
____ - prey defending self against predator

____ relationships - predator aggression not aggressive in same way as above types

Back 55

Defensive
Predator/prey

Front 56

____ -
Will be selected for that do not draw blood.
So, vast amount of animals have an intricate "dance" to avoid true aggression.

Back 56

Contests

Front 57

____ - this tactic per each species to handle aggression
Ex. Fish size each other up, go further and lock jaws and test each others strength, not a true fight.

Back 57

Evolutionary Stable Strategy (ESS)

Front 58

____
1. Cost/benefit analysis
2. Threat stage
(most aggressive encounters stop after the threat stage)
3. Redirected Aggression
4. Actual "fighting", push and shove (gently fighting)
5. All out fight, costs greatest, clear intent to harm another physically

Back 58

Aggressive phases:

Front 59

____ of resource is critical in how far the encounter will go

Back 59

Desirability

Front 60

Human Ritualized displays of submissive -

Back 60

Leaning back - offbalance, opposite of
Hiding hands is hiding weapons
Crying is juvenile/infant display

Front 61

One theory - Animals ____ are not meant to kill other individuals, but are well designed to cause injury

Back 61

weapons

Front 62

Once see ____ will not attack, if they do they come back with a vengeance.

Back 62

submission

Front 63

Options:
1. ____, turn/run away
2. ____ behavior
a. Often regressive, juvenile
i. Ex. Chimp does backflips etc
b. Male acts like a female
c. Hide weapons (stop showing teeth, show tongue. ), reveal vulnerable part of body.

Back 63

Withdraw
Submissive

Front 64

Human aggression -
Most say that humans are ____.

Back 64

innately aggressive

Front 65

____ - chips would stab and shoot each other regularly if they had them

Back 65

Goodall

Front 66

Humans are thought to be the only species that will inflict pain despite the ____ of the suffering involved.

Back 66

knowledge

Front 67

Species specific -

Back 67

Facial expressions
Vocalization
Increased facial redness
Body posture

Front 68

In hyenas, one twin almost always starves. This is due to ____ aggression.

Back 68

peer

Front 69

A male chimpanzee attacking a female after losing an encounter with a more dominant male is an example of which type of aggression?

Back 69

Redirected

Front 70

Higher levels of testosterone in an individual predict higher levels of aggression.

Back 70

False

Front 71

Most aggressive encounters end after which stage?

Back 71

threat

Front 72

The fact that most harmful species have another harmless species which resembles them is evidence of how common ___ mimicry is.

Back 72

Batesian

Front 73

The buffalo in the “battle at Kruger” video clip exhibited:

Back 73

mobbing

Front 74

Fox squirrels exhibit...

Back 74

Polymorphisms of color