Bio 410 Lect 2 (T.1)

Front 1

Assistant to the naturalist, not an atheist. Animals on islands were similar to that on the mainland, yet different.

Back 1

Charles Darwin

Front 2

____ is the force changing life on earth.

Back 2

Natural selection

Front 3

____ - differential reproduction of genes/individuals

Back 3

Natural selection

Front 4

No details about genes/genetics yet.

Took him 22 years publish after his trip, very reluctant. Knew implications were very major, wrote 8 books on barnacles.

Back 4

Charles Darwin

Front 5

Darwins Major Concepts:

Back 5

NOIS
Organisms over-reproduce, yet numbers remain relatively constant due to environmental limitations.
Individuals vary.
Some individuals survive longer and produce more offspring as a result of their particular variations.
Naturally selected variations are inherited.

Front 6

____ does not give organisms what they "need".
(ex. beaver chainsaw)

Back 6

Natural selection

Front 7

Natural selection is not a ____, it is a random process. It is a result of the ____.

Back 7

force
environment

Front 8

____ is at the heart of everything animals do.

Back 8

Reproduction

Front 9

____ - some individuals reproduce more than others

Back 9

Differential reproduction

Front 10

Natural selection is not selecting a ____ to survive and reproduce. ____ are selected by nature (to survive or not to survive)

Back 10

gene
individuals

Front 11

Natural Selection
____ has a role in every step. It/nature shapes all the characteristics along the way

Back 11

Environment

Front 12

Natural selection-
(2)

Back 12

Indirect at level of gene
Environment has a role in every step of the development of phenotypes

Front 13

Variance Equation

Back 13

Vp = Vg + Ve
V - variance
P - phenotype
G - genes
E - environment

Front 14

V = ____, the amount of ____.

Back 14

variance
variation

Front 15

____ - outward characteristics.

Back 15

Phenotype

Front 16

____ - this one strain of mice, if they are handled a lot as young, they will be aggressive as adults, need both gene and environment for this to come out.

Back 16

C57 mouse

Front 17

Formula the _____ is due to 3 factors, the variance of the genes, environment and the interaction of genes and environment.

The ____ and ____ are equally weighted.

Back 17

phenotypic variance
genes
environment

Front 18

An adaptation is an ____ but an ____ may not be an adaptation!

Back 18

adaptive trait
adaptive trait

Front 19

____ are genetically based features that are/were favored by selection.

Back 19

Adaptations

Front 20

____ are good for an organism, but they may not be an adaptation.

Back 20

Adaptive traits

Front 21

____ enhance survival and/or reproduction of their bearers relative to others… but not all ____ are adaptations.

Back 21

adaptive traits
adaptive traits

Front 22

Ex. Large marbles - red, and small marbles - green, put them in a sieve and the small marbles all fall out.
You have selected for size, but have also selected color. not for size, but of color. Color is an ____, often called a hitchhiker.

Back 22

adaptive trait

Front 23

Difference between evolved function and incidental function.
Often beneficial, but often not directly chosen.

Back 23

adaptive trait

Front 24

____ - competition among individuals for genetic representation in the next generation. Can be:

Back 24

Selection
Indirect Competition
Direct Competition

Front 25

Natural selection typically boils down to ____, it is a ____ among individuals. To see who can get their genes in the next generation.

Back 25

competition
competition

Front 26

____ - not competing directly head to head w/ another individual. You independently deal with the environment.

Ex. A termite has to deal with microbes, each individual termite is faced w/ fighting the disease on its own. They have many adaptation/mechanisms to stay healthy.

Back 26

Indirect competition

Front 27

____ - direct interaction with each other,
Ex. Frogs competing with each other, to force others off, so their sperm fertilizes the eggs.

Back 27

Direct competition

Front 28

____ - reproductive success.

Back 28

Individual fitness

Front 29

Designs that don’t increase ____ do not survive.

Back 29

individual fitness

Front 30

A key feature in the design of organism is ____.

Back 30

reproductive selfishness

Front 31

Designs that don't increase ____ relative to others would not be favored in this "competition for representation" view of selection.

Back 31

individual fitness

Front 32

A behavior that is likely to decrease reproduction = ____
A behavior that increases reproductive success (fitness) = ____

Back 32

cost
benefit

Front 33

Two approaches to determine adaptive value of behavior-

Back 33

Cost-benefit analysis
Comparative approach

Front 34

Cost-benefit analysis-
____ = risks,
____ - survival
If ____ outweighs ____ the behavior will continue.

Back 34

cost
benefit
benefit
cost

Front 35

____ - closely related species, but possess different behaviors in their differing environments

Back 35

Divergent species

Front 36

____ - different species in similar environments have similar (adaptive) behaviors.

Back 36

Convergent species

Front 37

____ - not related, but environments are
So their behaviors are very similar.

(We can see that that behavior must be very important/adaptive to living in that type of environment)

Back 37

Convergent species

Front 38

Comparative approach-

Back 38

Convergent species
Divergent species

Front 39

Look at ____, two closely related species that are now living in very different environments.
They have very different behaviors with two closely related species.
Ex. Mobbing a wolf, by ground birds, vs cliff birds do nothing.

Back 39

Divergent species

Front 40

Neither genes nor environment are more important to ____, they both are equally important.

Back 40

behavior

Front 41

The ____ affects the genes, then the proteins, the
____ affects the cells etc etc, at every step the ____ plays a role.

Ex. I want to bake a cake which is more important the recipe or the ingredients?

Back 41

environment
environment
environment

Front 42

Identical twin studies - study shows that IQ is not purely on ____.

There are some strong indications that ____ are involved, but there is more going on than ____.

Back 42

genes
genes
genes

Front 43

It is thought that intelligence is:

Back 43

half genes and half environment.

Front 44

"some ____ aspect to religious/attitude"

Back 44

genetic

Front 45

Personality and weight is largely by ____.
Sense of humor is largely by ____.

Back 45

genes
environment

Front 46

____ reared apart were more similar than those raised together.

Back 46

Identical twins

Front 47

____ - a single gene affects multiple traits
Ex. White cats go deaf younger.

Back 47

Pleiotropy

Front 48

____ - lots of variation due to many genes, (most behaviors are do to this) ex hair color, height etc.

Back 48

Polygenic

Front 49

Evidence that shows direct link between behavior and genetics - (approx 8)

Back 49

VagK BTdh
1. Twin studies
2. Drosophila genetics (dunce mutation)
3. Hybridization
4. Voles
5. BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor)
6. Kallman syndrome
7. Artifical Selection
8. Gene alteration

Front 50

____ - just a slight difference in dna, on a single gene that makes the group monogamous.

Back 50

Voles

Front 51

____ - dunce mutation, it would smell a smell and then it would be shocked, so fruitflies learned that the smell would precurse a shock, but there would be a group of flies that never would learn this. They had a particular mutation a "dunce" mutation.
This single gene affected the ability to learn.

Back 51

Drosophlia

Front 52

____ - hybrid individuals have a hybrid behavior

Back 52

Hybridization

ex. Lovebird - the hybrid tuck and hold nest materials, cannot "make up its mind"

Deer - the hybrid will paw the ground and run a little over and over

Front 53

____ - almost all found in males, (on x chromosome)
Because of the anosmin connection you get the sense of smell.
If no anosmin, you have no olfactory tracks, no sexual development cells that begin in the nose.
Therefore no sense of smell, no sex desire..
One gene affects all these traits (pleiotropy)

Back 53

Kallman syndrome

Front 54

____ - genes across species.
One gene the per gene, controls the mating song length 40 versus 50 seconds, transferred the gene, the behavior transferred.
Prairie vole gene - cloned and into mouse and now monogamous behavior.
This transfer of the behavior with the gene shows the link between the two.

Back 54

Transgenics

Front 55

____ - , protein "fertilizer In brain, encouraging neural growth etc.

Back 55

BDNF

Front 56

BDNF
One amino acid difference in the protein,
Val-val = ____
Met - val = ____
Met-Met = ____

Back 56

less neurotic
intermediate
most neurotic (depressed, anxious, self-conscious, memory impaired)

Front 57

____ a gene and if the behavior changes, then you have a link there as well

Ex. fosB gene, if it is knocked out she does not have the nurturing/maternal instinct.

Back 57

Knockout

Front 58

Behavior within different breeds is different, certain breeds cannot do certain behaviors.

Back 58

Artificial Selection

Front 59

If it takes ____, then must have more genes involved.
ex.
Fruitfly response to gravity, want to perch high (negative) or perch on ground (positive)
(approximately 5 generation to really bring this out)
Mouse - like open, versus not (approximately 40 generations)

Back 59

longer

Front 60

____ - The individual is the means to get the genes to the next generation.

Back 60

Selfish gene

Front 61

3 major types of natural selection:

Back 61

disruptive (looks like two different populations)
Stabilizing (birth weight)
Directional (running speed)

Front 62

____ - two different traits that are equally expressed in a species.
Ex. Snakes that split into slug eating vs frog/fish eating

Back 62

Balanced polymorphism
and also Disruptive

Front 63

Kinship and selection -
The unit of selection is the ____.

Back 63

gene

Front 64

____ - sum of reproductive success of self and kin

Back 64

Inclusive fitness

Front 65

Kinship and selection -
The ____ is simply the means of getting the gene to the next generation.
Selection of an ____ relatives can therefore occur.

Back 65

individual
individuals

Front 66

____ - enhancement of reproduction of individuals other than yourself will be expected if those other individuals are carrying your genes.

Back 66

Kin selection/indirect selection

Front 67

____ = ratio of genetic variation, to genetic + environmental variation.

Back 67

Heritability

Front 68

____ allows the variance of a trait to be partitioned between the genotype and the environment.

Back 68

Heritability

Front 69

____ is like a predictor of a populations ability to change in response to selection.

Back 69

Heritability

Front 70

If a trait has a very high ____ (close to 1), this means it is more likely to be selected for or against, because it has a strong genetic component, a strong heritability to it.

Back 70

heritability

Front 71

If it is small (close to 0) then the environment is not going to be able to do much with it because genetics are not playing a big role, this trait does not have a strong ____, it is really the environment that is responsible for the differences between individuals.

Back 71

heritability

Front 72

Heritability Equation

Back 72

H = Vg / (Vg + Ve)

Front 73

Which of the following is LEAST concerned with ultimate causes of Behavior?

Back 73

Ontogeny (versus phylogeny and function)

Front 74

____: How does this behavior develop individually, focusing on the roles of the environment and genes in the programming of the behavior

Back 74

Ontogeny

Front 75

____: Why is the behavior done, what is its design or purpose, and what role the environment plays in it

Back 75

Function

Front 76

____: How did the behavior arise in the species as related to the evolutionary history of the behavior in interaction with past environment

Back 76

Phylogeny

Front 77

____ causes of behavior are the "why" of behavior, concerned with survival value, evolutionary history, and ancestry of that animal.

Back 77

Ultimate

Front 78

____, on the other hand, deals with the "how" of the behavior, dealing with genes, hormones, other bodily mechanisms

Back 78

Proximate

Front 79

A goose is vigilant about looking out for an egg outside of her nest. This constant watchfulness is an example of ____ behavior.

Back 79

appetitive

Front 80

____ deal with the innate behavior (or "Nature-centered") and the hows and whys of that behavior being passed on to the next generation.

Back 80

Ethologists

Front 81

____ (such as W.D. Hamilton and E.O. Wilson) study the biological basis of animals and their interactions with the natural environment, dealing with maximization of inclusive fitness

Back 81

Behavioral Ecologist

Front 82

____ deal with the more proximate behavior of animals, often dealing with the learning, development, and flexibility of behaviors (famous exampels are Skinner and Pavlov).

Back 82

Comparative Psychologists

Front 83

Someone studying the ability of a Chimpanzee to learn from its mother could best be considered a(n ) _____.

Back 83

Behavioral Ecologist

Front 84

Lorenz and Tinbergen “invented” the field of ethology in ____, and shared the Nobel Prize in ____.

Back 84

1937
1973