Bio 410 Lect 12 (T.2)

Front 1

____ - how animals live together

Back 1

Social systems

Front 2

____ - a group of individuals that live together in an arrangement that extends beyond just sexual and parental behaviors.

Back 2

Society

Front 3

____ is rare among the animal kingdom as a whole.
Benefits -
Protection- primary fitness benefit,
Foraging - easier to find food, bring down large prey
Caring for young, so safety in numbers, all raised at the same time, adults alternate in giraffe nurseries
Finding mates is easier
Increased protection against infanticide or harassment by males, if they all think they are the father or are related.
Division of labor, specialists,
Ex. Beaver and social insects
Modification of environment (nests, dams, v's of geese)

Back 3

Social organization

Front 4

The 4 c's what it means to be a group.

Back 4

Cooperation
Competition
Coordination
Communication

Front 5

____- getting food, defense
____- limited resources, mates food
____- nesting, courting at the same time
____- necessary for All, olfactory, tactile, auditory and visual.

Back 5

Cooperation
Competition
Coordination
Communication

Front 6

3 large aspects/facets to a social system

Back 6

Social organization
Mating systems
Social Spacing

Front 7

____ - how do the animals within the group organize themselves, in term of families? Hierarchies?

Back 7

Social organization

Front 8

____ - is there a pair bond formed and how many individuals are in the system

Back 8

Mating system

Front 9

____ - territories versus home ranges

Back 9

Social spacing

Front 10

____-
Less likely to be preyed on as a whole but more conspicuous to predators
Competition for resources among conspecifics (others of your same species)
Spread of disease and parasites (parasites reduce viability)
Reproductive interference - conspecifics kill offspring of others (ex. Acorn woodpecker)
Cuckoldry - when ones (as a male) mate mates with another male, and they are not aware and they could be raising another's children
Increased chance of inbreeding, crowding, stress

Back 10

Costs

Front 11

____ - most of the life spent along, brief interactions for mating and offspring
Usually promiscuous mating systems
Usually home range or mating- or nesting-only territory
Ex. Grey squirrel, tiger, black bear

Back 11

Solitary

Front 12

____ - male/female the only consistent unit
Usually monogamous, (occasionally polygamous), if pairs think monogamous
Most pairs are found in birds, monogamous for a season or sometimes for life.
Classical or nesting-only territories
If large numbers of pairs together, colonies

Back 12

Pairs

Front 13

____ - large social groups, lower degree of relatedness than families, but social ranking stable and constant over time
Usually males disperse, females remain behind
Promiscuous because constant competition and dominant male wins or
Monogamous because only top male and female mate

Back 13

Dominance hierarchy

Front 14

____ -
Females form all female groups
It is for protection and reduces likelihood of being chased/harassed by a male.
Being chased by males is large cost to mares, thus prefer to associate with other females.
Males fight to associate with female groups, offer some protection from other males.

Back 14

Horses

Front 15

____ - male/female mongomous, long-term bond
Social groups stay together
Offspring stay past dependency, help and contribute to group
Usually home range or classical territories

Ex. Elephants, although the male does not stick around
African wild dogs

Back 15

Familes

Front 16

____ - (most violent of all social organizations)
Sea lions and elephant seal video
Sometimes male controls space, attracts females
Periphery males also dominated by harem master
Only in mammals
Polygynous - relationship between a single male and many females

Back 16

Harems

Front 17

____ - no long-term social bonds, minimal cooperation, just congregate together
Usually females, grouped in clusters
Home ranges; polygynous or promiscuous

For protection, finding resources
____ can be females, males or mixed.

Back 17

Aggregations
Aggregations

Front 18

____ - no bond, no relationship, just copulation and that’s it

Back 18

Promiscuity

Front 19

____ - one male with multiple females

Back 19

Polygyny

Front 20

____ - one female with multiple males

Back 20

Polyandry

Front 21

____ - multiple females with multiple males, usually a group of sisters with a group of brothers

Back 21

Polygyandry

Front 22

____ or ____: can also have home ranges for feeding, etc.
Ex. Squirrel had a ____ territory

Back 22

Mating-only
nesting-only
nesting-only

Front 23

____ - a strictly defended space or area, no overlapping, boundaries are distinct and fixed.
Ex. Mockingbird
Marked by scent or pheromones or boundary displays
Classical territories: mating, feeding, raising offspring (what mockingbirds have)

Back 23

Territory

Front 24

All of these have boundaries that are defended.

Back 24

Territory

Front 25

____- the actors (the one being ____) fitness declines, but your fitness declines

Back 25

Altruism
altruistic

Front 26

____ - my fitness will decline initially, but later my fitness will increase

Back 26

Reciprocal altruism

Front 27

____ - Both benefit

Back 27

Cooperation

Front 28

____ - helps me, hurts you

Back 28

Selfish

Front 29

____ - hurts both of us

Back 29

Spite

Front 30

____ - not defended, overlap with others of the same species, do defend location when you are there (ex bear eating berries)

Back 30

Home range

Front 31

____- just roam, over a year or just over a day or week ex. Wildebeasts

Back 31

Nomads

Front 32

____, not classifies as a distinct social space Large movements of animals over large area are not a home rang, because they're not there all of life no pattern to movement.

Back 32

Nomads

Front 33

____ - non-overlapping parts of home rang, contain critical resource and/or are used exclusively by an individual or group
Ex. A bird feeder, trash can or magnolia tree for a squirrel

Back 33

Core area

Front 34

Home range often includes a ____ area for raising offspring (____ only territory) ex. Gray squirrel

Back 34

protected
nesting

Front 35

____, self sacrificing behavior exists in many species

Back 35

Altruism

Front 36

Altruism
Two major explanations,
First is ____, not just offspring that you have, but your siblings offspring, anyone who is related to you, share alleles with you, and you are getting your alleles to the next generation.

Back 36

inclusive fitness

Front 37

Can calculate your degree of ____
Half siblings = 1/4
Full sibling = 1/2
First cousin = 1/8

Back 37

relatedness

Front 38

____ will not work in nature unless individuals "know" who their kin area.
Recall belding's ground squirrel

Back 38

inclusive fitness

Front 39

____ -
Ill do a favor now and you will do a favor later.
Requires that you live in a group and you can recall and remember who each other in the group is.
It is only between unrelated individuals, if they are related then it is inclusive fitness.

Back 39

Reciprocal altruism

Front 40

Ex. Vampire bats, can miss one night, if they miss 2 nights it will be near starving and very weak.
Eat almost half their weight in blood every night.
Nestmates will feed their starving nestmates.

Back 40

Reciprocal altruism

Front 41

Mammals - many species, ____- the young will stay behind and help raise future litters of offspring

Back 41

alloparenting

Front 42

In primates ____ can include adolescent females that will come along and help babysit other infants, can be related or unrelated, the other mother may not want to let them babysit, the young primate does this to try to gain experience, This can harm the infant, being carried around by a young female that has no idea what she is doing.
Ex. Jackals, once again cannot go out and reproduce on their own so biding their time.

Back 42

alloparenting

Front 43

Cheetahs - brothers will stay together for life, only the dominant brother ever mates, ____

Back 43

inclusive fitness

Front 44

____, brothers will often take over a pride, but can be unrelated
As the coalition increases their reproductive success increases, because it is harder for a group of males to come in and take the pride away from them.

Back 44

Lions

Front 45

What looks like ____ may not really be ____-

ex. Female ostrich lays eggs in a communal nest,
Has been found that on her turn a female will kick eggs to the outside and hers to the inside, all females can recognize their own eggs and they all rotate the eggs on their turn.

Back 45

altruism
altruism

Front 46

____ - often seen in dominance hierarchies
Say baboons, 2 and 3 will go out and seek out a female
Number 2 will mate and number 3 stands guard, puts himself at great risk
This is ____, they switch roles later.

Back 46

Male coalitions
reciprocal altruism

Front 47

____- jane goodall story
Very calming behavior, soothes hostility/aggression
It cements social bonds, even maintains and reasserts dominance relationships
Can be cooperation or selfish

Back 47

Grooming

Front 48

Alarm signaling -
____ ex. Beldings ground squirrel
or
____ ex. Grey squirrels

Back 48

Kin selection/inclusive fitness
Selfish

Front 49

____
Young stay behind and help raise siblings born in future clutches of eggs, typically males stay along longer
They help defend the nest and bring food to the young.

____
Gains experience in terms of foraging and feeding young
They only do this if they cant find a territory of their own.
(they can inherit parents territory)

Back 49

Helpers at nest
Selfish/direct fitness and inclusive fitness

Front 50

In the true sense, ____= self-sacrifice with no gain

Back 50

altruism

Front 51

____ - true altruism, does this exist at all in humans? Behavior at a cost to donors fitness.

Back 51

Genotypic altruism

Front 52

____ - helping behavior, may put yourself at risk, but can be seen to benefit your own survival/reproduction (parental care, reciprocal altruism)

Ex. Say jumping in front of a car or in a river, why? Initially smaller groups we are all related, but as the groups got larger, selected for, those that don’t help would be ostracized against, less mates/offspring, less reproductive success.

So humans that help others are rewarded and those that harm others are ostracized/punished.

Back 52

Phenotypic altruism

Front 53

Speices with solitary social organization will typically have what kind of mating system?

Back 53

Promiscuity

Front 54

Species with a dominance hierarchy social organization where the dominant male mates, and there is no female hierarchy, will typically have what kind of mating system?

Back 54

Promiscuity

Front 55

Species with harems as the social organization will typically have what kind of mating system?

Back 55

polygyny

Front 56

Animals are capable of acting altruistically.

Back 56

True

Front 57

The act of nonparents acting as parents, as in jackal and scrub jay siblings, is known as _________.

Back 57

alloparenting

Front 58

Saving the life of your _____ would do the least for increasing your inclusive fitness.

Back 58

cousin  (1/8)

Front 59

The presence of altruistic behavior in animals is often due to inclusive fitness, a theory that maintains that ___ enhance survival of copies of themselves by directing ___ to care for others who share those____.

Back 59

genes
organisms
genes