Bio 410 Lect 10 (T.2)

Front 1

____- transfer of information from one individual to another. (with the intent of having the other individual change their behavior)

Back 1

Communication

Front 2

4 main channels for communication

Back 2

Visual
Auditory
Chemical
Tactile/Touch

Front 3

____ - great transmission rate and fade-out time,
Lots of variety.
Can be blocked and it weakens with distance.

Back 3

Visual

Front 4

Pros and cons with ____ of communication.

Back 4

all channels

Front 5

Typically bright colors, but also movements, squirrel tail flicks

Back 5

Visual

Front 6

A handful of the postures that geese use to communicate with each other.

Back 6

Visual

Front 7

So ____, that all geese understand these particular displays.

Back 7

ritualized/stereotyped

Front 8

Need a special structures to make this work, and ability to detect this sound.
Ex. A few birds were recently found to use their wings (humming birds and manakins)

Back 8

Auditory

Front 9

____, long distances, water especially, rapid does not linger, limited visibility is fine,

Back 9

Auditory

Front 10

____ -
Communicating by touch,
Limited by being right next to each other.

Back 10

Tactile/touch

Front 11

____-
Difficult to locate sender, (bad for mate good versus predator)
Structure and size of molecules is important - pheromone communication.

Back 11

Chemical

Front 12

Not the only channels, but the 4 most common.
Ex elephants communicating ____ (below our hearing) goes through the earth and can feel it in the pads of their feet, communicating location size of their groups etc

Back 12

infrasonically

Front 13

5 classification schemes/ major functions of communication

Back 13

Informational Signal
Directions
Intention Signal
Advertisement
Deception

Front 14

Dog is communicating primarily is___. (what is ____ by showing you his teeth)

Back 14

intent
intention

Front 15

____ - others of their own species, or individuals.
Ex. 7 different fiddler crabs that may live in area size of a tennis court, the male waves in a certain way and the females recognize that exact pattern of waving.

Back 15

Recognition-Informational

Front 16

Most species do not retain the ability to recognize ____.

Back 16

parents/offspring

Front 17

____ - mice have the ability to detect whether individuals are more closely or more distantly related to themselves.
(most likely pheromones)

Back 17

MHC

Front 18

____ - often chemical cues

Back 18

Kin recognition

Front 19

____ - need to find and attract a mate.
Crickets hear sound coming to loudspeaker
Chinchillas can smell the tiniest trace of pheromone left by a responsive female, and will travel distance to find that female.

Back 19

Mate attraction (Advertisement)

Front 20

____ - now need to indicate to others that my intent is to mate (versus eat fight etc)
Male spider has to carefully let large female know that he wants to mate with her (and does not want to be eaten etc)

Back 20

Courtship (Intention Signal)

Front 21

Alarm calling is ____ (self sacrificing behavior) caller puts self at risk.

Back 21

altruistic

Front 22

____ -
Expected is on the left, actual on the right.
It does not match, ex adult males very few alarm calls.
Very skewed for females to give alarm calls.
One sex disperse from native area at adulthood, female stays at natal/home area. (share a great degree of relatedness with other females in the area).

Back 22

Beldings ground squirrel

Front 23

All kinds of different channels to communicate____.

Back 23

alarm

Front 24

Lots of ____- different channels for different dangers/predators.

Back 24

specificity

Front 25

Similarity of ____, this is good for different species living in close quarters. (african savannah example)

Back 25

alarm call

Front 26

Function of ____-
Puts yourself at great risk, but best/easiest explanation is a parent giving an alarm call to help their offspring survive. (or relatives etc).

Back 26

alarm call

Front 27

____ - cause predator to look in wrong place, cause others to flee and expose themselves.
Also to warn the predator that it has been spotted.

Back 27

Grey squirrel

Front 28

____ - this is your aggression,
Advertising your weapons or your intention.
(your submission)

Back 28

Agonism/social status (Advertisement/Intention)

Front 29

____ - Often assembly behavior

Back 29

Recruitment/finding food (Directions)

Front 30

Alarm Calling
____ - only want yourself to survive, by drawing others into the predators snare.

Back 30

Selfish

Front 31

____ - short distance from the nest
Recall this in in a dark hive, so they follow with their antenna, all it "says" is there is a source of nectar close to the hive (30 yards)

Back 31

Round dance

Front 32

____ - honey bees through dancing,
Minutes after new food source, dozens of worker bees arrive.

Back 32

Von frisch

Front 33

____ -
Type of communication often depends on food source the species feeds on.
Calling pheromone - large stationary prey

Back 33

Tandem running and odor trails

Front 34

____ - often have "trails/highways" cut through the vegetation with long lasting-odors that are
"Always" there.

Back 34

Vegetation eater

Front 35

____ - need many companions, leave a chemical trail, but only leave it as they are following the prey, it only stays for a short time. So if another ant comes across this trail the ant know it is fresh and to follow etc.

Back 35

Large live prey

Front 36

____ - figure 8, if the food source is far from the nest.
This communicates the distance and the rough direction.
One waggle is approximately 25 m, (in the center)
Source of nectar is measured by its angle.
In the hive straight up, is the sun, so 20 degrees from the sun outside is 20 degrees off from straight up in the hive.
As the bee dances for up to an hour, it slowly changes its central run to account for suns movement through the sky.

Back 36

Waggle dance

Front 37

Other recruitment, not insects:
____ - calls hens to food source (also wants to mate)
____ - rally before hunting
____ - guide others to food

Back 37

Rooster
African wild dogs
Chimps

Front 38

____ -
Parent giving food, or the offspring desiring food.

Back 38

Parent -offspring (Intention)

Front 39

____-
Play bow in canids (ritualized behavior), whatever else I'm doing is I just want to play.
Primates - open mouth, (maybe where our smile comes from?)

Back 39

Play communication (Intention)

Front 40

To communicate to others that you want to play an ____ signal is often given.

Back 40

intention

Front 41

____ - only occurs in precocial birds.

Back 41

Synchronization of hatching
(Informational)

Front 42

Chicks vocalize with each other within eggs and ____.

Back 42

coordinate hatching

Front 43

____ - birds that are born and then are "precocious), that is born with feathers, and can hop around and their eyes are open and they can follow their mother very quickly

Ex. Ducks, chickens, need to be able to follow their mother to food quickly etc.
Is very beneficial, don’t want to leave nest that you are hatching when you have one other duck that you need to lead to food.

Back 43

Precocial birds

Front 44

____ birds like songbirds, no feathers, eyes closed, have to sit in nest and hope that parent will bring them food, they cannot do anything at all.

Back 44

Altricial

Front 45

No animals other than humans have been shown to engage in ____, this behavior hurts both the sender and reciever.

Back 45

spite

Front 46

____ -
Both sender and reciever benefit
Ex. Courtship, competition.

Back 46

Sharing information/cooperation

Front 47

____ -
Sender benefits only
Ex. Fireflies, female mimics different species pattern of courtship flashing, attracts male and then consumes him.
Ex. Portia jumping spiders, go to webs of other spiders and lure the webowner out by making pattern on web, either a mate pattern or prey pattern - they learn this through operant conditioning

Back 47

Deceitful communication/manipulation

Front 48

____ -
Ex. Shrike-tanager will give alarm call when prey is consuming they same food source.

Langurs - females will mate with other males after successful mating and this is though to reduce infanticide

Back 48

Deceitful communication/manipulation

Front 49

____ evolves because it benefits both the receiver and the sender.

If receiver benefits from detecting a cue, they will be more likely to reproduce etc, the same way with the sender. Natural selection acts on this behavior the same as other things.

Back 49

Ritualization

Front 50

____, the sender sends some information accidentally (it does not benefit the sender, but does the receiver)
Ex. Mouse rustles the nest
Or male katydids or frogs try to attract mate but attracts predators
Ex. Cross spiders attract more prey but also more predator

Back 50

Incidental signaling "eavesdropping"

Front 51

Ex.
____ activities - animal giving signal what they intend to do.
Ex. Dogs (and canines) and primates showing all their teeth, and gaping mouth etc, the sender intends to attack and bite.
Dogs due this because it is an autonomic response, they pull lips back to protect them against their own teeth while it is in the act of biting.

Now it is a ____ behavior.

Back 51

Intention
ritualized

Front 52

____ - animal cant decide whether to fight or flee, most often seen in courtship behavior in solitary animals.

Ex. Great crested grebe and grabbing gunk on bottom.
Ex. Herring gulls, at boundary of territory pulling grass or preening

Back 52

Displacement activity

Front 53

____ -
Dogs initially urinate in times of stress, now territory, stress, etc is a ritualized thing

Dog lick greeting initially tasting other dogs to see what they are eating, but now ritualized in a form of greeting.

Back 53

Autonomic responses

Front 54

____ - is the evolution of a display,
Any behavior pattern can become ritualized it changes a flexible behavior into a stereotyped one.

Back 54

Ritualization

Front 55

____ - ("preschool humor") laughing at stuff that is very out of place - it has deep evolutionary roots, one of the first type of humor that young children get. Something is a very wrong place and is very funny.

Back 55

Incongruity theory of humor

Front 56

Link on evolutionary foundation of laughter
Starts with danger etc, but now a vocalization, a ____ now

Back 56

ritualization

Front 57

____ is a giant step forward in human evolution.

Back 57

Human speech

Front 58

Chimps and bonobos brain structure very similar to___.
They also have many similarities in ____.

Back 58

human
behaviors

Front 59

____ - chimpanzee language is very complex if we look at brain. We are very similar to other primates.

Back 59

Emory

Front 60

1969 - ____ - they raised chimp washoe from infancy using ASL,
Lots of words, showed lots of insight/intelligence.

Back 60

gardners

Front 61

1950s ___ - the taught her vocalizations by molding her lips, total different anatomy of speech-producing organs

Back 61

hayes

Front 62

1976 - ____ chimp sarah used plastic chips to request objects etc.

Back 62

premack

Front 63

1977 - ____ , chimp lana,
Combined sarah and washoe training, used compute to communicate in yerkish.
Each symbol has a different meaning and they combine symbols for a different meaning

Back 63

rumbaugh

Front 64

____ uses words in the correct grammatical context.

Back 64

Lana

Front 65

____, was able to get 2 chimps, sherman and austin to communicate with each other in yerkish.

Back 65

Epstein

Front 66

Summary - ____ can learn words,
Can string words together and use grammatical rules
Have the ability to coin new words
But! Do not really have curiosity to learn new words
Controversy how and what they are really learning is it just operant conditioning?

Back 66

apes

Front 67

____, alex the gray parrot.
Understood 100 objects vocally!
Learned by operant conditioning but also observational and insight learning!!

Alex in the background answering questions, or alex is tired so getting every answer wrong.

Back 67

Pepperberg

Front 68

Spent all this time with sounds and he already knew how to spell!!

Back 68

Alex

Front 69

____ again, bonobo kanzi
Most advanced so far, understand spoken word to a symbol word.
You are going from symbol to symbol, humans all the time but remarkable for a animal.
Now has grammatical skills of nearly 3 year old child.
Learned by observing mother and humans.

Back 69

Rumbaugh

Front 70

The first nonhuman to show complete understanding of "symbol to symbol" communication was

Back 70

kanzi

Front 71

Mice paw their bedding when a new stimulus (animal) is placed in their cage. This is an example of a

Back 71

Displacement activity

Front 72

The play bow of dogs is an example of _______ communication

Back 72

cooperative

Front 73

Based on the data presented in lecture, in what type of social groups to Belding's squirrels live?

Back 73

Matriarchal groups

Front 74

The function of mate attraction communication is

Back 74

Advertisement

Front 75

Monkeys living in dense forests most likely rely most heavily on ______ communication over long distances.

Back 75

Auditory

Front 76

Assuming gazelle herds consist of unrelated individuals, which is the best explanation of stotting behavior?

Back 76

Letting the predator know its been spotted