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42 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are the generalized functions of the digestive system?

-Ingestion


-Mechanical Digestion


-Chemical Digestion


-Absorption


-Elimination

Name the path of food in the alimentary canal from beginning to end

-mouth


-pharynx


-esophagus


-stomach


-small intestine


-large intestine


-rectum


-anus

What are the 4 accessory organs of the digestive system?

-Pancreas


-Liver


-Gall Bladder


-Salivary Glands

Explain the ENS

-Enteric Nervous System


-"gut brain"


-composed of Myenteric Plexus that controls digestive system mobility and Submucosa Plexus that controls secretion of glands within digestive system


-reacts from mechanoreceptors stimulated by stretching and chemorececptors stimulated by food chemicals

What are the 5 functions of saliva?

-Moistens food


-Antibodies and Lysozyme limit bacterial growth


-Washes away food debris


-Lubrication of Mouth


-Contains an enzyme to break down starch molecules (salivary amylase)

What are the 3 types of salivary glands?

-2 Submandibular Glands (70%)


-2 Parotid Glands (25%)


-2 Sublingual Glands (5%)

Name the 3 functions of the tongue

-Prepartion of food for swallowing


-Mixing food with saliva


-site of chemoreceptors

Name the function of the pharynx

-Moistens food an transports it to the stomach

Explain the location of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter

-Located at the bottom of esophagus between esophagus and stomach

What are the stomach's 3 basic functions?

-Storage of Food


-Secretion of gastric juice


-churning of food

What benefit do the folds within the stomach give? And what are these folds called?

- Allow for stomach to expand to carry out food storage (average = 2 Liters)


-Gastric Rugae

Identify the 3 types of cells that release the stomach's gastric juices

-Parietal Cells (Hydrochloric Acid to destroy microorganisms to activate pepsinogen to pepsin which denatures proteins and Intrinsic Factor, a protein required to absorb vitamin B12 in small intestine)


-Mucus cells (mucus)


-Chief cells (pepsinogen that digests protein, rennin that digests milk, gastric lipase that digests fat)

What two things promote the motility of digestive tract function?

Nerves and hormones

Name the 3 phases of gastric secretion

-Cephalic Phase - few minutes (brain stimulates secretions to occur in stomach


-Gastric Phase - 3-4 hours (presence of food in stomach creates more secretion, liquefying, solidifying, hormones released, beginning of protein digestion)


-Intestinal Phase - (chyme enters duodenum and hormones are released to inhibit gastric functions and stimulate pancreas, gall bladder, and small intestine functions)

Where is the pyloric sphincter located?

Between the stomach and small intestine

Which organ is the digestive system's major organ of absorption and digestion?

-Small Intestine

Name the 3 sections of the small intestine

-Duodenum


-Jejunum


-Ileum

At what life stage is gastric lipase most functional?

Infancy

What are the 2 sources of the enzyme amylase in humans?

-Salivary Amylase (mouth)


-Pancreatic Amylase (from pancreas to help break down in small intestine)

What is the purpose of villi and microvilli in the small intestine?

Increase surface area for absorption of nutrients

What are the two portions of the pancreas?

-Endocrine (ductless, hormone production)


-Exocrine (enzymes and bicarbonate production)

Where does the digestion of the 3 macronutrients occur?

-Protein - begins stomach ends s.i.


-Fat - begins stomach ends s.i.


-Carbohydrate - begins mouth ends s.i.

Where is the ileocecal sphincter located?

Between the small intestine and large intestine

Function of the rectum

Store waste

Function of the anus

Exit of waste

Functions of the large intestine

-Remove water from wastes


-Contains beneficial bacteria (body defense, production of vitamins)

Function of the liver

-Production of bile


-production of cholesterol


-storage of iron


-inactivation of poisons in the body


-maintain blood glucose level


-produce and store glycogen


-stores fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)


-synthesizes protein for blood


-produces blood clotting molecules


-removal of damaged RBC's from circulation

How many vitamins are there? How many fat soluble? How many water soluble?

-13 Vitamins


-4 Fat Soluble


-9 Water Soluble

How do constipation and diarrhea occur?

-Constipation (too much water absorbed from waste by L.I.)


- Diarrhea (not enough water absorbed by L.I.)

What benefits do we get from beneficial bacteria living in liver?

-Fight Bad bacteria


-Production of Vitamins

What hormone is responsible for releasing bile from gall bladder and releasing enzymes from pancreas?

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

What hormone is responsible for releasing bicarbonate from the pancreas and releasing gastric juice from stomach cells?

Secretin

What is the function of the Gall Bladder?

Storage and release of bile

What is the function of the Pancreas?

-Release Bicarbonate


-Secretes hormone Secretin (to release bicarbonate)


-secretes enzymes (80% of enzymes used for digestion)

What do we call an enzyme specific for the breakdown of proteins?

Proteolytic Enzyme

Define the term zymogen

An enzyme that is inactive to not destroy the cell


-"pro" at the beginning of an enzyme and "gen" at the end

What do alpha cells of the pancreas release? Beta Cells?

Alpha - glucagon


Beta - insulin

Describe heart burn

- acid of stomach released into esophagus and causes burning


-lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) malfunction


symptom of GERD (gastresophogeal disease)

Explain Ulcers

-opening/hole in lining of part of body


-gastric or duodenal


-major cause = infection by Helicobacter Pylori bacteria

Explain Gall Stones

-Excess cholesterol in bile may harden to cause stones



Explain Celiac Disease

-Immune system of small intestine destroys villi of small intestine (autoimmune disease)


-triggered by protein called gluten

What are the four stages or food processing?

-Ingestion


-Digestion


-Absorption


-Elimination