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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the generalized functions of the digestive system? |
-Ingestion -Mechanical Digestion -Chemical Digestion -Absorption -Elimination |
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Name the path of food in the alimentary canal from beginning to end |
-mouth -pharynx -esophagus -stomach -small intestine -large intestine -rectum -anus |
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What are the 4 accessory organs of the digestive system? |
-Pancreas -Liver -Gall Bladder -Salivary Glands |
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Explain the ENS |
-Enteric Nervous System -"gut brain" -composed of Myenteric Plexus that controls digestive system mobility and Submucosa Plexus that controls secretion of glands within digestive system -reacts from mechanoreceptors stimulated by stretching and chemorececptors stimulated by food chemicals |
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What are the 5 functions of saliva? |
-Moistens food -Antibodies and Lysozyme limit bacterial growth -Washes away food debris -Lubrication of Mouth -Contains an enzyme to break down starch molecules (salivary amylase) |
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What are the 3 types of salivary glands? |
-2 Submandibular Glands (70%) -2 Parotid Glands (25%) -2 Sublingual Glands (5%) |
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Name the 3 functions of the tongue |
-Prepartion of food for swallowing -Mixing food with saliva -site of chemoreceptors |
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Name the function of the pharynx |
-Moistens food an transports it to the stomach |
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Explain the location of the Lower Esophageal Sphincter |
-Located at the bottom of esophagus between esophagus and stomach |
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What are the stomach's 3 basic functions? |
-Storage of Food -Secretion of gastric juice -churning of food |
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What benefit do the folds within the stomach give? And what are these folds called? |
- Allow for stomach to expand to carry out food storage (average = 2 Liters) -Gastric Rugae |
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Identify the 3 types of cells that release the stomach's gastric juices |
-Parietal Cells (Hydrochloric Acid to destroy microorganisms to activate pepsinogen to pepsin which denatures proteins and Intrinsic Factor, a protein required to absorb vitamin B12 in small intestine) -Mucus cells (mucus) -Chief cells (pepsinogen that digests protein, rennin that digests milk, gastric lipase that digests fat) |
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What two things promote the motility of digestive tract function? |
Nerves and hormones |
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Name the 3 phases of gastric secretion |
-Cephalic Phase - few minutes (brain stimulates secretions to occur in stomach -Gastric Phase - 3-4 hours (presence of food in stomach creates more secretion, liquefying, solidifying, hormones released, beginning of protein digestion) -Intestinal Phase - (chyme enters duodenum and hormones are released to inhibit gastric functions and stimulate pancreas, gall bladder, and small intestine functions) |
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Where is the pyloric sphincter located? |
Between the stomach and small intestine |
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Which organ is the digestive system's major organ of absorption and digestion? |
-Small Intestine |
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Name the 3 sections of the small intestine |
-Duodenum -Jejunum -Ileum |
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At what life stage is gastric lipase most functional? |
Infancy |
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What are the 2 sources of the enzyme amylase in humans? |
-Salivary Amylase (mouth) -Pancreatic Amylase (from pancreas to help break down in small intestine) |
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What is the purpose of villi and microvilli in the small intestine? |
Increase surface area for absorption of nutrients |
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What are the two portions of the pancreas? |
-Endocrine (ductless, hormone production) -Exocrine (enzymes and bicarbonate production) |
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Where does the digestion of the 3 macronutrients occur? |
-Protein - begins stomach ends s.i. -Fat - begins stomach ends s.i. -Carbohydrate - begins mouth ends s.i. |
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Where is the ileocecal sphincter located? |
Between the small intestine and large intestine |
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Function of the rectum |
Store waste |
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Function of the anus |
Exit of waste |
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Functions of the large intestine |
-Remove water from wastes -Contains beneficial bacteria (body defense, production of vitamins) |
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Function of the liver |
-Production of bile -production of cholesterol -storage of iron -inactivation of poisons in the body -maintain blood glucose level -produce and store glycogen -stores fat soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) -synthesizes protein for blood -produces blood clotting molecules -removal of damaged RBC's from circulation |
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How many vitamins are there? How many fat soluble? How many water soluble? |
-13 Vitamins -4 Fat Soluble -9 Water Soluble |
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How do constipation and diarrhea occur? |
-Constipation (too much water absorbed from waste by L.I.) - Diarrhea (not enough water absorbed by L.I.) |
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What benefits do we get from beneficial bacteria living in liver? |
-Fight Bad bacteria -Production of Vitamins |
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What hormone is responsible for releasing bile from gall bladder and releasing enzymes from pancreas? |
Cholecystokinin (CCK) |
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What hormone is responsible for releasing bicarbonate from the pancreas and releasing gastric juice from stomach cells? |
Secretin |
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What is the function of the Gall Bladder? |
Storage and release of bile |
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What is the function of the Pancreas? |
-Release Bicarbonate -Secretes hormone Secretin (to release bicarbonate) -secretes enzymes (80% of enzymes used for digestion) |
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What do we call an enzyme specific for the breakdown of proteins? |
Proteolytic Enzyme |
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Define the term zymogen |
An enzyme that is inactive to not destroy the cell -"pro" at the beginning of an enzyme and "gen" at the end |
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What do alpha cells of the pancreas release? Beta Cells? |
Alpha - glucagon Beta - insulin |
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Describe heart burn |
- acid of stomach released into esophagus and causes burning -lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter) malfunction symptom of GERD (gastresophogeal disease) |
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Explain Ulcers |
-opening/hole in lining of part of body -gastric or duodenal -major cause = infection by Helicobacter Pylori bacteria |
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Explain Gall Stones |
-Excess cholesterol in bile may harden to cause stones |
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Explain Celiac Disease |
-Immune system of small intestine destroys villi of small intestine (autoimmune disease) -triggered by protein called gluten |
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What are the four stages or food processing? |
-Ingestion -Digestion -Absorption -Elimination |