Bio 4

Front 1

Nutrient

Back 1

A substance that an organism needs to remain alive

Front 2

Nutritional Balance

Back 2

When an animal takes in enough nutrients to perform day to day tasks an stay healthy

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Suspension Feeder

Back 3

Filter cells, small multicellular organisms, or bits of organic debris from water by means of cilia or other structures (sponges, tube worms, etc)

Front 4

Fluid Feeder

Back 4

Organisms that feed on fluid of other organisms (Hematophagy - feeding on blood, Nectarivores - nectar feeders (insects, birds, bats))

Front 5

Deposit Feeders

Back 5

Obtain nutrients by consuming detritus (decomposing organic matter) Earthworms

Front 6

Substrate Feeder

Back 6

An animal that feeds on the substrate in which it lives (caterpillars in leaves)

Front 7

Intracellular Digestion

Back 7

A form of digestion where food is taken into cells by phagocytosis (sponges)

Front 8

Extracellular Digestion

Back 8

Feeding by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane onto food (fungi)

Front 9

Gastrodermis

Back 9

The cellular lining of the digestive cavity of certain invertebrates.

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Alimentary Canal (Digestive tract)

Back 10

Starts at mouth and ends at anus

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Digestion

Back 11

The breakdown of food into small enough pieces to allow for absorption

Front 12

Absorption

Back 12

The uptake of specific ions and molecules that act as nutrients

Front 13

Hydrolysis

Back 13

Breaks polymers apart by adding a water molecule

Front 14

Esophagus

Back 14

Long, muscular tube that transports food into the stomach

Front 15

Amylase

Back 15

The enzyme responsible for cleaving bonds that link glucose monomers in starch, glycogen, and other glucose polymers

Front 16

Lipase

Back 16

An enzyme in the tongue that begins breaking triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

Front 17

Mucin

Back 17

Glycoproteins released by salivary glands in the mouth that form mucus when in contact with water

Front 18

Peristalsis

Back 18

A wave of muscular contractions that propel food down the esophagus

Front 19

Pepsin

Back 19

The enzyme responsible for digesting proteins in the stomach

Front 20

Pepsinogen

Back 20

The precursor compound that is converted to active pepsin by contact with the acidic environment of the stomach

Front 21

Goblet Cell

Back 21

Secretes mucus that is found in gastric juice. Protects the stomach from Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

Front 22

Parietal Cell

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Located along canals that communicate with the lumen of the stomach

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Chief Cell

Back 23

Specialized cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen

Front 24

Villus

Back 24

Tiny finger-like projections that protrude from the epithelial wall of the small intestine. Increase absorptive area and surface area of intestinal wall

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Microvillus

Back 25

Additional extensions off of the epithelial cells of the villi

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Lacteal

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Lymphatic vessels in the core of each villus that fats enter

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Bile Salts

Back 27

Small lipids that emulsify (break up) large fat globules in the small intestine. Allows lipase to act

Front 28

Bile

Back 28

A complex solution that contains synthesized bile salts from the liver secreted and stored in the gallbladder.

Front 29

Pancreatic Amylase

Back 29

Continues digestion of carbohydrates that began in mouth

Front 30

Maltase

Back 30

An enzyme produced by cells lining the small intestine that breaks down the disaccharide maltose

Front 31

Trypsin

Back 31

An enzyme that triggers the activation of other protein-digesting enzymes

Front 32

Peptidases

Back 32

An enzyme that begins protein catabolism by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in the polypeptide chain, which form a molecule of protein.

Front 33

Chylomicron

Back 33

Protein coated globules that are released for transport to fat-storage cells and other tissues

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Hormone

Back 34

A signaling molecule that circulates throughout the body in blood or other fluids; can trigger pronounced responses in distant targets at low conentrations

Front 35

Gastrin

Back 35

A hormone produced by the stomach in reponse to the arrival of food or to a signal via nerves from the brain. Stimulates other stomach cells to release HCl

Front 36

Secretin

Back 36

A peptide hormone produced by the small intestine in response to the arrival of food from the stomach. Stimulates secertion of bicarbonate from the pancreas

Front 37

CCK

Back 37

A peptide hormone from the small intestine that stiumlates the secretion of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver and gallbladder

Front 38

Cecum

Back 38

A blind sac between the small intestine and the colon. Used in some species as a fermentation vat for digestion of cellulose

Front 39

Rumen

Back 39

The largest chamber of a ruminant's stomach, containing a large vat of symbiotic cellulose-digesting bacteria. Creats cud, which is sent back to the mouth for further chewing

Front 40

Ruminant

Back 40

A group of hoofed mammals that have a four-chambered stomach specialized for digestion of plant-cellulose, with one chamber containing cellulose-digesting bacteria