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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Characteristics of Animals |
Lack cell walls, specialized tissues, reproduce sexually, developmental stages, diploid with haploid gametes, advanced muscle articulation. Vertebrates and Invertebrates, about 99% are invertebrates. |
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Body Symmetry |
Only sponges lack symmetry, all others are bi-lateral or radial. |
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Germ Layers |
3 different layers in embryonic development Endoderm- becomes digestive and respiratory systems Mesoderm- Muscle and skeletal systems Endoderm- Nervous and skin |
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Exclusions to the 3 germ layer system |
Sponges have no germ layers, jellyfish and relatives lack mesoderm. All others have all 3. |
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Body Cavity |
Coelom is an internal cavity lined with mesoderm, it houses the internal organs |
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Coelomates |
Have true coelom |
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Acoelomates |
Lack coelom |
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Psuedocoelomates |
False coelom, not surrounded by mesoderm. (roundworms) |
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Phylum Porifera |
Porifera means to have pores. Most ancestral of animals Lack tissues, germ layers, and symmetry Sessile filter feeders |
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Choanocytes |
Flagellated cells that pull water into the sponge |
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Osculum |
Hole at the top of the sponge that water exits through |
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Spicules |
tiny needles of calcium carbonate or silica that strengthen the sponge |
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Spongin |
tough protein fibers that strengthen the sponge |
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Phylum Cnidaria |
Includes Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemones, corals 2 germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm Radial symmetry |
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Cnidocytes |
Stinging cells on tentacles |
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Nemtocyte |
Harpoon like part of tentacles |
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Sac Body Plan |
Body resembles a sack, one entrance, one exit |
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Medusa |
One base body form of Cnidarian, similar to adult jellyfish |
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Polyp |
Second base body form, sessile |
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Phylum Platyhelminthes |
"Platyhelminthes" means flatworms Bi-lateral symmetry All 3 germ layers Acoelomates Sac body plan |
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Flukes |
Platyhelminthes Parasitic Liver and blood flukes swimmers itch |
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Tapeworms |
Platyhelminthes Parasitic, use vertebrates as hosts |
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Proglottids |
reproductive power-house found in tapeworms |
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Phylum Nematoda |
Round worms have both mouth and anus psuedocoelomates |
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Ascaris |
Nematoda lives in places where feces/urine found in fertilizer |
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Trichinella |
Lives in muscle of pigs and wild game |
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Filaria |
Lives in lymphatic system, obstruct draining of tissue fluids and call elephantitis. |
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Coelomates |
Phyla that includes mollusks, segmented worms, arthropods, echinoderms, and chordates |
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Protostomes |
When embryonic cells fold, the fold becomes the mouth. Includes flatworms, roundworms, mollusks, segmented worms, arthropods |
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Deutorostomes |
When embryonic cells fold, fold becomes anus and mouth forms later. Echinoderms and chordates |
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Phylum Mollusca |
Snails, clams, oysters, octopuses, squids foot for motion or capturing food |
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Visceral Mass |
Contains the organs in mollusks |
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Mantel |
tissue protecting visceral mass |
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Radula |
rasping tongue |
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Cephalopods |
Well developed eyes, tentacles, camouflage, modified mantel that enables jet propulsion, ink sac |
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Economic importance of mollusks |
Food, pets, do damage to underwater infrastructure |
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Phylum Annelida |
Segmented worms Earth worms and leeches Annelids, arthropods, echinoderms, chordates are all segmented |
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Phylum Arthropoda |
Most numerous of animal phyla 1-1 million named species 80% of animal species Jointed appendages, exoskeleton Molting and metamorphosis |
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Class Insecta |
More insect species than all others combined Vital economic importance, pollinators silk, honey Also damage crops and spread disease |
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Phylum Echinodermata |
Starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers Deuterostomes Endoskeleton composed of hard calcium plates Adults have radial symmetry, larvae have bi-lateral Water vascular system allows movement |
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Chordates |
Deuterostome coelomates Includes vertebrates (fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals) as well as some invertebrates (lancelets and tunicates) |
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4 Major traits of chordates |
Dorsal hollow nerve cord, notochord, pharyngeal slits, postanal tail |
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Dorsal hollow nerve cord |
fluid filled canal in vertebrates it's replaced with spinal cord and the brain |
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Notochord |
Stiff, flexible rod that supports the animal. In vertebrates it becomes the vertebral column |
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Pharyngeal Slits |
become gills or modified into jaw and inner ear for terrestrial chordates |
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Postanal tail |
Some adult species lack one but it's nonetheless present in development |
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Lancelets |
Small marine species that filter feeds |
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Tunicates |
Made of cellulose, sessile filter feeders |
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Subphylum Vertebrata |
Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals |
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Fishes |
Most ancient vertebrates 470 mya ancient fish were jaw-less like lampreys and hagfish All other vertebrates have jaws that evolved from gill arches |
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Cartilagenous Fish |
Sharks and rays |
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Bony fish |
half of all vertebrates Have swim bladder can actively pump water through gills two taxa, ray-finned and lobe-finned |
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Ray-finned |
common, from walleye to salmon, to tuna |
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Lobe-finned |
May have given rise to amphibians |
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Amphibians |
Includes frogs and salamanders 360mya Rely on water because eggs lack shells and adults lack scales to prevent drying. Can respire through skin Aquatic herbiverous larvae ---->Amphibious carniverous adult |
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Reptiles |
Includes turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, alligators Can lay shelled amniotic eggs away from water and have scales to prevent drying |
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Birds and Mammals |
Endothermic, survive most climates descended from reptiles amniotic eggs |
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Birds |
Most numerous terrestrial vertebrate Feathers - flight, warmth, display some have hollow bones to reduce weight no teeth or heavy jaw muscles lost bones throughout history, many are fused High blood sugar and pressure, large hearts |
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Birdsong |
Used to attract mates, defend territory, maintain pair bond. Sound produced in syrinx, the junction of the trachea and bronchial tubes |
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Mammals |
Hair, Mammary glands, skin glands, large brains, differentiated teeth, 3 middle ear bones |
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3 Modes of reproduction in mammals |
Laying eggs - ancestral, platypus and echidna Marsupials - poorly formed offspring Placentals - vast majority, well developed young |
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Advantages to group living |
Safety, information, group defense, catching difficult prey, physiological benefits |
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Safety |
More eyes to watch for prey, groups can confuse predators. If group is too large competition occurs, medium sized groups are best. |
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Dilution effect |
one member in a group has a low chance of being eaten |
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Information |
Animals in group can follow other group members to food |
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Group defense |
Musk Oxen huddle to protect young, birds mob predators |
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Catching difficult prey |
wolves and lions |
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Physiological benefits |
huddle for warmth, travel in schools, v formation |
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Disadvantages of group living |
competition for resources increased incidence of parasites and disease Increased infanticide |
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Cooperative Behavior |
Sometimes members of of groups go out of their way to help another member. This is altruistic because its using food and energy to help potential competition |
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Factors explaining cooperation and altruism |
Kin Selection Reciprocity Mutualism |
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Kin Selection |
Since relatives share genes, altruistic action benefits the altruist . If they survive altruism could be passed on. Parental care is an example, alarm call of ground squirrels |
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Reciprocity |
Depends on ability to recognize each other, life span, interdependence. Black hamlet fishes trade off being the power bottom. |
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Mutualism |
2 or more individuals cooperate to maximize the benefit for all. Hunters cover more ground in groups |
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Ecosystem |
collection of organisms that interact with each other and the environment they live in |
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1st law thermodynamics |
In a closed system matter is neither created nor destroyed. Plants are producers and animals are consumers |
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2nd law of thermodynamics |
In a closed system usable energy is lost with each conversion, usually as heat. About 90% of food energy is wasted |
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Trophic levels |
feeding levels |
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Pyramid of energy |
since energy is lost with every conversion, ends up looking like a pyramid with carnivores on top and plants on the bottom |
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Phosphorous Cycle |
contained in sedimentary rock, a limiting nutrient in marine environments Plant matter dies and either P is used instantly or sinks to bottom waiting to be stirred by wind. When P is added theres less nitrogen and algae blots out the sunlight and kills other plants |
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Nitrogen Cycle |
Limiting because only nitrogen fixers can use N from the air. Nirtogen fixer are bacteria that breaks atmospheric N bonds into usable forms like ammonium and nitrate |
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Tundra |
Open, winy, some bogs. Grass, sedge, lichen. Due to permafrost tundra is cold desert. |
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Taiga |
Boreal, or coniferous, heavy snowfall, no permafrost, lots of logging and trapping |
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Temperate deciduous |
east coast, UK. High diversity of trees, lots of hardwood. |
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Grasslands |
frequent fires, little rain, fertile soil |
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Desert |
low precip forms due to rain shadows and mid-latitude desertification |
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Tropical Rainforest |
Most diverse, soil doesnt accumulate nutrients, high precip |
